Patient Resources — Patient Rights & Legal
When you enter a hospital, you don’t leave your rights at the door. Federal and state laws protect patients in ways that many people never know about — until they need them. Understanding your rights before a medical crisis can make a significant difference in the care you receive.
The Patient’s Bill of Rights
Most hospitals in the United States are required to provide patients with a written statement of their rights — sometimes called a Patient’s Bill of Rights or Patient Rights and Responsibilities. Ask for a copy when you are admitted. If the hospital receives Medicare or Medicaid funding, federal law requires them to provide this information.
Your Right to Be Informed
You have the right to receive clear information about your diagnosis, your treatment options, the risks and benefits of each option, and what may happen if you choose no treatment. This information must be provided in a language and format you can understand. If English is not your primary language, the hospital must provide interpreter services at no cost to you.
Your Right to Informed Consent
Before any procedure, surgery, or significant treatment, you must give informed consent — meaning you agree to the treatment after being fully informed of what it involves, its risks, alternatives, and expected outcomes. You have the right to ask questions until you understand, and to change your mind and withdraw consent at any time before the procedure begins.
Your Right to Refuse Treatment
As a competent adult, you have the right to refuse any treatment — even life-saving treatment. The hospital may ask you to sign a form acknowledging your refusal, but they cannot force treatment on you against your will. If you are unable to make decisions for yourself, a designated healthcare proxy or power of attorney can exercise this right on your behalf.
Your Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
Under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), your medical information is protected. Hospitals cannot share your health information with family members, employers, or anyone else without your permission — with limited exceptions such as treatment coordination or legal requirements. You also have the right to access and review your own medical records.
Your Right to Access Your Medical Records
HIPAA gives you the right to request a copy of your medical records. Hospitals must provide them within 30 days of your request, though they may charge a reasonable fee for copies. You also have the right to request corrections to your records if you believe information is inaccurate or incomplete.
Your Right to Know Who is Treating You
You have the right to know the names and roles of everyone involved in your care — doctors, nurses, residents, medical students, and other staff. You may ask any member of your care team to identify themselves and explain their role. You also have the right to request that medical students or residents not participate in your care.
Your Right to a Second Opinion
You have the right to seek a second opinion from another physician before agreeing to any significant treatment or procedure. A hospital cannot prevent you from consulting another doctor. If you are an inpatient, you may request a consultation with a specialist of your choosing.
Your Right to Pain Management
You have the right to have your pain assessed and treated appropriately. Tell your care team about your pain level and ask about your pain management options. If you feel your pain is not being adequately addressed, ask to speak with a patient advocate or the charge nurse.
Your Right to Be Free from Discrimination
Hospitals that receive federal funding — which includes most hospitals in the United States — are prohibited from discriminating against patients on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. This includes the right to equal access to care and the right to communicate effectively with your care team regardless of language or disability.
Your Right to File a Complaint
If you believe your rights have been violated, you have the right to file a complaint — without fear of retaliation affecting your care. You can complain to the hospital’s patient advocate or patient relations department, your state’s health department, The Joint Commission (which accredits hospitals), or the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) if the hospital receives federal funding.
Practical Tips for Protecting Your Rights
- Ask for a copy of the Patient’s Bill of Rights when admitted
- Bring a trusted family member or friend to help advocate for you
- Write down questions before speaking with your doctor
- Ask for explanations in plain language — not medical jargon
- Request the name and contact information for the hospital’s patient advocate
- Keep copies of all documents you sign
- Don’t be afraid to ask questions or request a second opinion
Key Takeaways
- You have the right to be fully informed about your diagnosis and treatment options
- You must give informed consent before any significant procedure
- You have the right to refuse treatment as a competent adult
- HIPAA protects your medical privacy and gives you access to your records
- You have the right to know who is treating you and to seek a second opinion
- Complaints can be filed with the hospital, your state, The Joint Commission, or CMS
Disclaimer: The information on MedicalResearch.com is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, cure, or treat any medical or other condition. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health professional.