30 Apr A Discussion on the Types, Causes, and Symptoms of Meningitis

Meningitis is a serious illness that can strike quickly. If not treated quickly, meningitis can lead to brain damage or even death. Many survivors are left with lasting problems like hearing loss or learning difficulties. These effects can be life-changing.

It is shocking that even newborn babies develop meningitis, sometimes due to the negligence of healthcare professionals during pregnancy or labor. If you are a parent facing the same issue, hire a birth injury lawyer from the Cerebral Palsy Lawyer Alliance for proper legal guidance to hold the negligent party accountable.

Before that, it is good to know the types, causes, and symptoms of meningitis to understand the condition better.

What is Meningitis?

Meningitis occurs when the thin layers covering the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. This inflammation can come from germs or other non-infectious things, like cancer or medicine. Meningitis can affect anyone, but some people are more at risk than others. Newborns, older adults, and people with weak immune systems often face a higher chance of getting it.

Types of Meningitis

There are different types of meningitis. Each one has different causes and requires different treatment.

• Bacterial Meningitis

This is the most dangerous kind. It comes from bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis. Bacterial meningitis spreads through droplets from coughs, sneezes, or close contact. It can get worse quickly, so doctors treat it as an emergency. People with bacterial meningitis need antibiotics right away.

• Viral Meningitis

This is also the most common type and is usually less severe than bacterial. Viruses like enteroviruses or herpes simplex virus often cause it. Most people get better within a week or two, but some may need medical help if symptoms worsen.

• Fungal Meningitis

This type is rare and mainly affects people with weak immune systems. Cryptococcus neoformans can get into the brain through the blood and cause infection. Fungal meningitis needs long-term treatment with antifungal medicine.

• Parasitic Meningitis

This type is scarce and deadly. It’s caused by an amoeba called Naegleria fowleri, which lives in warm freshwater. People can get infected when water enters the nose while swimming or diving.

• Non-Infectious Meningitis

This kind is not spread from person to person. It may come from cancer, head injury, certain medicines, or autoimmune diseases like lupus. Though germs do not cause it, it still needs medical care.

Causes of Meningitis

Meningitis can come from many things. Some of the causes are as follows:

• Infectious Causes

These are the most common. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites can all cause meningitis. Germs can spread through coughing, kissing, or using the same utensils. Living in crowded places, like college dorms or military camps, raises the risk. Also, when a mother is infected during pregnancy, it will affect the baby, too. It is the doctor’s responsibility to treat properly when a pregnant woman gets infected.

• Non-Infectious Causes

Some people get meningitis from other problems, such as head injuries, some types of cancer, or immune system diseases. Certain drugs can also cause meningitis.

Symptoms of Meningitis

The symptoms of meningitis can be different for everyone. Some signs come on fast, while others build up slowly.

Common symptoms in adults and older children:

• High fever
• Bad headache
• Stiff neck
• Nausea or vomiting
• Being sensitive to light
• Trouble thinking clearly or feeling confused
• Seizures
• Skin rash (especially with bacterial meningitis)

In babies, the signs might be different:

• A bulging soft spot on the head
• Crying more than usual
• Trouble feeding
• Sleepiness or limp body
• Stiff body or jerky movements

If someone shows these symptoms, they should go to a doctor immediately. Fast care can save a life and lower the risk of long-term problems. Any sudden change in behavior or health should be taken seriously in babies.

Conclusion

Meningitis is dangerous, but knowing the types, causes, and symptoms can make a big difference. Quick action, whether bacterial, viral, fungal, or non-infectious, is key. Learning more about this disease can help protect you and your loved ones.

Editor’s note:  It is important to note there is a vaccine to help prevent bacterial meningitis.  Please discuss your and your children’s  vaccine status with your health care provider.  Here is a reference from the CDC regarding meningitis vaccination.

More information:

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Last Updated on April 30, 2025 by Marie Benz MD FAAD