publichealth Tag

16 Oct

Posted at 11:08h in Environmental Risks

Drinking Water Safety Notice: Always follow boil-water or do-not-drink advisories issued by your water provider or local health department. If you use a private well, have it tested regularly by a certified laboratory, since private wells are not covered by public water system monitoring. Seek medical care for severe or persistent diarrhea, vomiting, signs of dehydration, or illness you suspect is linked to your water supply, especially in infants, older adults, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. This post is for general information only.

Clean and safe water is essential for drinking, cooking, sanitation and everyday health. Yet water sources are constantly exposed to threats such as sewage, agricultural runoff, industrial chemicals, aging pipes and extreme weather, and contamination is not always visible, detectable by smell, or noticeable by taste.

Water quality monitoring is how communities find these problems before they make people sick. Through regular testing, water providers can detect contamination early, adjust treatment, and warn residents when water is unsafe to drink.

water_quality_monitoring

06 Oct

Posted at 11:21h in Education
If you're interested in medicine, research, or public health, you've probably noticed one thing fast: health problems rarely stay inside clinic walls. They show up in schools, neighborhoods, workplaces, and policy debates. An online Master of Public Health can help you understand that bigger picture while building practical skills you can use in research, prevention, and community programs. The path is flexible, but the work is serious, and that combination matters. [caption id="attachment_76473" align="aligncenter" width="500"]online-mph-shape-future-pexels.jpg Source: Pexels[/caption]

21 Jun

Posted at 22:30h in Compliance, Pharmacology
role-online-pharmacies

Medication adherence remains one of the most important factors influencing treatment effectiveness and long-term patient outcomes. Healthcare providers frequently face challenges when patients struggle to follow prescribed medication regimens due to factors such as convenience, accessibility, scheduling difficulties, or medication management issues. As digital healthcare services continue evolving, online pharmacies are emerging as valuable tools that can help address some of these barriers while supporting improved patient engagement and continuity of care.

Understanding the Importance of Medication Adherence

Medication adherence refers to how consistently patients follow prescribed treatment plans. When medications are taken as directed, patients are more likely to achieve the intended therapeutic benefits and successfully manage health conditions.

Poor adherence can contribute to reduced treatment effectiveness, avoidable complications, and increased healthcare utilization. As healthcare systems continue focusing on patient-centered care, improving adherence remains a key priority for healthcare professionals and policymakers alike.

18 Jun

Posted at 11:16h in Author Interviews
[caption id="attachment_74358" align="aligncenter" width="500"]healthy-dental-gums-pexels.jpg Photo by Kasim H[/caption]

The Link Between Gum Disease and Heart Health: What You Need to Know

Many people may not realise that your gums and your heart are physically connected. Evidence points over and over again to the fact that people with gum disease have a higher risk of heart problems. The biggest reason seems to be that when you have an infection in your mouth, it causes the blood vessels in your whole body to get inflamed. So it is not just teeth and gum problems that come from bad gum health. The conditions that can affect your whole body might be signaled to you at this point.

The reason why it helps to know about this connection between gum disease and heart problems is that bacteria can travel quite easily when there is inflammation. It is very likely that when gums become infected, the same bacteria responsible for the swelling and bleeding can get into the blood through the soft tissues. In fact, it is the continuous inflammatory response of the body that is suspected as the cause of the arteries getting hard and narrowed. Per research, gum disease does not directly cause heart attacks, but the correlation is strong enough that dentists and doctors treating heart diseases are now including oral hygiene as a part that needs to be taken into consideration.

17 Jun

Posted at 18:06h in Author Interviews, JAMA, Supplements
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_74329" align="alignleft" width="150"]Chun Sing (Jason) Lam, PhDPostdoctoral Research Fellow Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Chun Sing Lam, PhD[/caption] Chun Sing (Jason) Lam, PhD Postdoctoral Research Fellow Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main supplements utilized by Americans? Response: Dietary supplement use is very common among U.S. adults, but patterns of use have changed substantially over time. The supplement market has expanded, with many products now marketed for different uses. But long-term national data are limited. In this study, we analyzed 25 years of nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, from 1999 through August 2023, including 63,442 U.S. adults. Overall supplement use increased from about 51% of U.S. adults in 1999–2000 to about 60% in 2021–2023. Use of four or more supplements also increased, from 8.8% to 15%. One notable finding was that multivitamin/multimineral use declined modestly while use of individual vitamins, minerals, and specialty supplements increased. One important finding was the increase among older adults. Supplement use among adults aged 65 years and older increased from about 62% to 78%, which was the largest increase among demographic subgroups. Notable increases were seen for vitamin D, zinc, vitamin K, biotin, vitamin B12, and omega-3. Emerging trends were also seen for non-vitamin non-mineral supplements such as turmeric/curcumin, probiotics/prebiotics, collagen, elderberry, ashwagandha, and hyaluronic acid. These trends likely reflect growing consumer interest in immune support, gut health, and skin and joint health.

12 Jun

Posted at 16:10h in Education, Health Care Systems, Quality of Care - Patient Safety
[caption id="attachment_74263" align="aligncenter" width="468"]Key Factors That Influence Quality Patient Care.jpg Image source[/caption] When people visit a healthcare facility, they expect more than medical treatment. They want to feel safe, respected, understood, and confident that they are receiving the best possible care. Quality patient care is not determined by a single doctor, nurse, or piece of equipment. Instead, it results from several interconnected factors working together to create positive patient experiences and better health outcomes. Healthcare organizations today face growing expectations from patients, families, regulators, and communities. From strong leadership and skilled professionals to efficient systems and modern technology, every aspect of a facility plays a role in shaping the level of care patients receive. Understanding these factors can help healthcare providers identify opportunities for improvement and maintain high standards across all services.

Effective Healthcare Administration and Leadership

Behind every well-functioning healthcare facility is a strong administrative team responsible for coordinating resources, developing policies, and ensuring that services operate efficiently. Administrators play a critical role in managing budgets, staffing decisions, compliance requirements, and organizational goals. When these responsibilities are handled effectively, healthcare providers have the support they need to perform their jobs efficiently. Patients benefit from shorter wait times, smoother processes, and more consistent care. As healthcare systems become increasingly complex, the demand for skilled administrators continues to grow. Many professionals are pursuing advanced education to prepare for leadership positions within the industry. Institutions such as the University of Louisiana Monroe now offer specialized programs like the Master of Public Administration Health Management online degree. Programs like this help future healthcare leaders develop expertise in management, policy, finance, and organizational strategy while maintaining the flexibility of online learning.

09 Jun

Posted at 12:03h in Emergency Care
Most emergencies do not happen in hospitals. They happen at home, at work, on the sports field or in the middle of a family dinner. In those first few minutes, the person standing closest matters more than any doctor miles away. What they know, or do not know, can change everything. That is the quiet power of first aid. It turns an ordinary bystander into someone who can keep another person alive until help arrives. Yet most of us go years without ever refreshing these skills, if we ever learned them at all.

Key Takeaways

● In a medical emergency, the first few minutes often decide the outcome, long before paramedics arrive. ● Starting CPR quickly can double or even triple a person's chance of surviving cardiac arrest. ● First aid covers far more than CPR, from bleeding and burns to choking and dental injuries. ● Hands-on, practical training builds the confidence people need to act under pressure. ● Skills fade over time, so regular refreshers keep your knowledge sharp and current.

Why Those First Minutes Matter So Much

Cardiac arrest is one of the clearest examples. Around 350,000 cases happen outside of hospitals each year in the United States, and survival sits below 10 percent. The reason is brutal math. Every minute without CPR lowers the odds, because the brain starts to suffer the moment oxygen-rich blood stops flowing. When a bystander starts CPR straight away, survival can rise sharply. Research shows early chest compressions can double or even triple a person's chance of making it. The problem is rarely willingness. It is that most people freeze because they are not sure what to do. According to the American Heart Association, nearly 90 percent of people who suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrest die, largely because bystander CPR is not initiated quickly enough — making first aid training one of the most impactful public health interventions available.

08 Jun

Posted at 17:14h in Public Health, Race/Ethnic Diversity
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_74139" align="alignleft" width="160"]John James (JJ) Parker, MD, MSAssistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Attending Physician, Division of Advanced General Pediatrics & Primary Care Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Attending Physician, Transitional Care Clinic, Northwestern Medical Group Chicago, Illinois 60611 Dr. Parker[/caption] John James (JJ) Parker, MD, MS Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Attending Physician, Division of Advanced General Pediatrics & Primary Care Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Attending Physician, Transitional Care Clinic, Northwestern Medical Group Chicago, Illinois 60611   MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Fathers are a critical but overlooked population. We know the health of fathers influences the health of their families and there is growing evidence that fatherhood influences men's health, but studies from the US are lacking. This study used data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, which is a cohort study that has followed young adults for 35 years, allowing us to measure associations of fatherhood with health during the life course of men. We found multiple associations between fatherhood and men's health, and our outcomes differed by race. Black fathers had lower death rates than Black nonfathers, which we did not detect in White men. For both Black and White men, becoming a father at less than 25 was associated with poor health outcomes. For Black men early entry to fatherhood was associated with higher mortality rates and for White men it was associated with worse cardiovascular health.

15 May

Posted at 14:43h in Dental Research, Pediatrics
[caption id="attachment_73788" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Preventive Wellness During Childhood Source[/caption]

Preventive Wellness During Childhood: Why Parents Should Pay More Attention

A lot of parents pay attention to childhood wellness once something feels obviously wrong. A bad cough, constant exhaustion, trouble focusing in school, emotional outbursts, or sleep problems usually trigger concern fast. The quieter habits often slip through unnoticed because they do not look urgent in the moment. Skipping routine appointments, inconsistent sleep schedules, too much screen time, rushed meals, and bottled-up stress can slowly shape how kids feel physically and emotionally for years without creating one dramatic warning sign. Preventive wellness is getting more attention now because healthcare providers are seeing how many long-term struggles actually start with everyday patterns that look harmless early on. Parents are especially noticing this in busy places like Tribeca in New York, where family schedules move nonstop. Kids bounce between school, activities, packed afternoons, and heavy screen exposure while parents try to keep routines together around demanding workdays and city life. Wellness can quietly become something reactive instead of consistent. More families are starting to slow down and look at childhood health differently now.

15 May

Posted at 11:54h in Health Care Workers, Mental Health Research
[caption id="attachment_73784" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Long-Term Mental Wellness Needs Source[/caption]

How Modern Healthcare Is Redefining Emotional Wellness Support

Modern healthcare is finally starting to acknowledge something people have quietly felt for years. Emotional wellness cannot realistically be handled through rushed appointments and short-term crisis conversations alone. Stress, burnout, anxiety, emotional fatigue, and long-term mental strain rarely disappear after one visit or one difficult week. People carry pressure from work, family routines, financial concerns, social expectations, and nonstop digital stimulation every single day, which means emotional wellness support now needs to function much more consistently within healthcare systems instead of appearing only during emergencies. The conversation around mental wellness changed because people increasingly want support that feels ongoing, practical, and connected to everyday life rather than isolated treatment moments separated by long gaps in care. Healthcare systems are adapting because emotional wellness has become impossible to separate from long-term physical health, work performance, sleep quality, relationships, and overall daily functioning. Hospitals, clinics, wellness programs, and healthcare providers are creating models focused more heavily on communication, consistency, and patient support over time.

15 May

Posted at 11:35h in Education, Health Care Systems
  [caption id="attachment_73778" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Leadership in Modern Healthcare Systems Source[/caption]

The Importance of Effective Leadership in Modern Healthcare Systems

Have you ever noticed how one calm, capable person can change the mood of an entire hospital floor? In modern healthcare, leadership does far more than manage schedules and meetings. It shapes patient care, staff morale, and even public trust. As hospitals face worker shortages, rising costs, and constant political debate, strong leadership has become the difference between systems that adapt and systems that collapse under pressure.

The Pressure Cooker Inside Modern Healthcare

Healthcare systems today operate like airports during a thunderstorm. Everyone is rushing, nobody has enough time, and one mistake can create chaos across the entire network. Leaders now manage far more than doctors and budgets. They handle cyberattacks, staffing shortages, public distrust, and the growing influence of artificial intelligence in medicine. The pandemic exposed how fragile healthcare systems could become when leadership breaks down. Hospitals ran short on nurses, misinformation spread faster than flu season, and burned-out workers left the industry in huge numbers. Good leaders stepped in by improving communication, supporting exhausted staff, and making difficult decisions without sounding robotic or detached. That human side matters more than many executives realize.

15 May

Posted at 11:22h in Education, Health Care Systems
[caption id="attachment_73775" align="aligncenter" width="500"]lead-complex-healthcare.png Image source[/caption]  

What Effective Healthcare Leadership Looks Like in Today's Environment

Many healthcare organizations across Oklahoma continue to deal with physician shortages, long travel distances for rural patients, and growing pressure on local clinics and hospitals. Leaders in these settings often make difficult decisions every day about staffing, patient access, budgets, and quality of care. At the same time, healthcare workers expect better support and clearer communication from management. Patients also want faster service, better experiences, and more transparency during treatment. These challenges have changed what leadership looks like in healthcare. Strong leaders now need practical problem-solving skills, emotional awareness, and a solid understanding of how healthcare systems operate. The job goes far beyond managing schedules or approving budgets. Today's healthcare environment demands leaders who can guide teams through uncertainty while still keeping patient care consistent and reliable.

24 Feb

Posted at 15:41h in Public Health
[caption id="attachment_72591" align="aligncenter" width="500"]ceiling-height-public-health.jpg Freepix[/caption] Your body knows whether a room feels right long before your conscious mind registers the details. The proportions of the spaces you inhabit communicate in a language older than words, triggering responses rooted deep in human evolutionary history. The relationship between floor area, ceiling height, and wall placement creates an invisible dialogue that shapes comfort, creativity, and even social behavior in ways most people never consciously recognize.

The Ancient Geometry of Comfort

Human beings evolved to feel secure in certain spatial proportions and exposed in others. These preferences developed over millennia and persist today, influencing how you respond to every room you enter. Spaces with moderate ceiling heights and dimensions that approximate natural shelter proportions trigger deep-seated feelings of safety. This explains why oversized rooms with soaring ceilings can feel impressive yet somehow uncomfortable for extended periods. Conversely, extremely low ceilings activate claustrophobic responses, as your body interprets restricted overhead space as potentially threatening. The sweet spot exists in proportions that balance openness with containment. Traditional residential spaces with eight to nine-foot ceilings feel comfortable precisely because they align with these evolutionary preferences. A recent study investigating neurophysiological responses found that a ceiling height of 4 to 5 meters (approximately 13-16 feet) may offer a balanced condition for both neural relaxation and emotional comfort, emphasizing the role of spatial proportion and perception.

24 Feb

Posted at 15:27h in Public Health
[caption id="attachment_72588" align="aligncenter" width="500"]art-public-spaces Photo by Toa Heftiba Şinca[/caption] You've probably walked past a dozen masterpieces on your way to work this morning without realizing it. While most people associate art galleries with hushed spaces, white walls, and admission fees, some of the most innovative creative work happens right outside your window, on your street corner, and above the bus shelter where you wait each day. The transformation of public spaces into canvases for creative expression has quietly revolutionized how we experience art in our daily lives. What makes this shift remarkable isn't just the scale or visibility. It's the democratization of access. You don't need a ticket, an appointment, or even an intention to view it. The art comes to you.

The Unexpected Museum Without Walls

Think about the last time you visited a traditional museum. You probably planned the trip, checked the hours, maybe bought tickets in advance. Now think about the last time you noticed something visually striking on your commute. It happened spontaneously. That's the essential difference between curated spaces and the living gallery surrounding you every day. Out-of-home advertising has evolved far beyond simple product promotion. Today's public installations blend commercial purpose with artistic ambition, creating experiences that challenge perceptions of what advertising can be. The result is street-level art that reaches more people in a single day than most gallery exhibitions see in months. Consider the creative diversity you encounter without trying. Abstract digital displays that shift throughout the day. Clever visual jokes that make you smile during rush hour. Thought-provoking imagery that stays with you after you've reached your destination. Installations that interact with their environment, changing based on weather or time of day.

06 Feb

Posted at 17:10h in Global Health
Role of Mobile Field Hospitals In an era where pandemics pose significant threats to global health, preparedness is crucial. Mobile field hospitals have emerged as vital tools in healthcare strategies, enabling rapid responses during health crises. Their ability to be deployed swiftly makes them indispensable assets in pandemic planning. The increasing frequency of global pandemics highlights the importance of robust preparedness strategies. At the heart of these strategies are mobile field hospitals, often deployed as a medical shelter in crisis situations, which play a crucial role in enhancing the responsiveness of healthcare systems. These adaptable units are designed to provide critical medical services where traditional infrastructure may be lacking or overwhelmed. The versatility and mobility of these units have made them essential components in responding to health emergencies swiftly and effectively.

Key features and historical evolution of mobile field hospitals

Mobile field hospitals are temporary medical facilities designed to be deployed quickly to areas affected by crises. Equipped with essential medical equipment and staffed by trained healthcare professionals, they offer a range of services from emergency care to complex surgeries. Historically, their use dates back to military operations, where they provided care near battlefields. Over time, their application has expanded beyond military use, becoming instrumental in civilian disaster response efforts. The evolution of mobile field hospitals has seen significant advancements, particularly in their design and deployment capabilities. Modern units are modular and self-sufficient, capable of operating independently from existing infrastructure. This evolution reflects a broader trend towards improving the agility and effectiveness of emergency healthcare delivery systems. As healthcare needs continue to grow during crises, these hospitals have adapted to meet diverse challenges, including those posed by pandemics.

19 Dec

Posted at 15:28h in Author Interviews, Public Health
[caption id="attachment_71840" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Building Trust Through Community Health Campaigns Photo by Mikhail Nilov[/caption] Trust determines whether people engage with healthcare systems. It shapes whether they show up for screenings, follow treatment plans, or ask for help early instead of waiting until symptoms escalate. Community health campaigns are one of the most effective ways to build that trust because they connect health systems to people where they live, work, and gather. These campaigns turn research into action and public messaging into lived experience. In an era where misinformation spreads quickly and health systems face mounting pressure, trust-building isn’t optional. It’s the backbone of effective public health. Below is a closer look at why community campaigns matter and how they strengthen trust through visibility, transparency, and meaningful participation.

Bringing Health Messaging Into Everyday Spaces

Large institutions often struggle to reach people who feel disconnected from traditional healthcare environments. Community campaigns solve this by bringing information directly to high-traffic settings—schools, local markets, cultural centers, workplaces, and faith organizations. These spaces offer context. They reduce intimidation. They allow people to engage on their own terms. Campaigns rooted in everyday settings also give health workers more accurate readouts of community concerns. They can gather questions, recognize knowledge gaps, and adapt messaging based on direct feedback. This feedback loop strengthens clarity and improves uptake. Physical visibility matters too. Campaign uniforms, event identifiers, or outreach team markers such as branded materials or custom patches make teams recognizable and consistent. This visibility signals professionalism, reduces uncertainty, and encourages people to approach workers comfortably.

02 May

Posted at 02:09h in Author Interviews
[caption id="attachment_68270" align="aligncenter" width="333"]More information:American Public Health Association https://www.apha.org/professional-development/public-health-careermart/public-health-jobs City of Philadelphia: https://www.phila.gov/departments/department-of-public-health/about-us/jobs/ Pexels image[/caption]

Public health is an expansive field that focuses on improving the well-being of communities and populations. It involves promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing diseases, ensuring access to healthcare, and creating policies that support a healthier society. As global health challenges grow, the demand for skilled public health professionals continues to rise. If you are passionate about making a positive impact on the health of individuals and communities, a career in public health may be a perfect fit. This article explores various career paths in public health, including opportunities for education and the roles you can pursue in this dynamic and essential field.

10 Oct

Posted at 18:44h in Education, Public Health
For professionals committed to the well-being of populations, a Master of Science in Community Health offers an academic path that empowers them to effect significant public health change. Such a degree combines a broad curriculum with a focus on both theory and practical applications in the real world. Graduates emerge prepared to tackle contemporary health challenges, contribute to policy development, and lead community-based health initiatives. Whether you're advancing your career or pivoting to a new sector within public health, this degree could open many doors. Below, we’ll explore the multifaceted advantages of obtaining this advanced degree.

The Financial and Personal Growth Advantages of an Advanced Degree in Community Health

masters-in-community-health - 1   A Master of Science in Community Health is not only an investment in career potential but also in one's financial future. On average, advanced degree holders tend to earn higher salaries over the course of their careers. Additionally, the versatility of the degree often affords professionals a degree of job security and greater bargaining power when negotiating for positions and salaries. Completing a master's program also requires substantial dedication and personal discipline, traits that benefit professionals in any field. The rigors of graduate study foster time management and problem-solving skills that aid in managing complex projects and teams effectively. For those interested in pursuing such a degree, programs like the one found at online.uc.edu/masters-programs/ms-community-health-and-prevention-science offer flexible options for working professionals. These online programs allow students to balance their academic pursuits with personal and professional commitments, making it an accessible path to an impactful career.

03 Jul

Posted at 17:26h in Education
Greduate Degree in Public HealthThe landscape of public health is evolving rapidly, and with it, the demand for skilled professionals is surging. A graduate certificate in public health is increasingly recognized as an essential step for individuals seeking to bolster their qualifications. Here's how a specialized certificate can open new doors, enhance your expertise, and position you as a leader in the field. Keep reading to uncover the benefits that await.

Unlocking Career Opportunities

Completing a graduate certificate can be a game-changer in your professional journey. This qualification not only strengthens your resume but also demonstrates to potential employers that you have a commitment to improving community health. It can open doors to diverse roles, ranging from health promotion to policy analysis, providing a breadth of options for career advancement. With this certificate, you can differentiate yourself in a competitive job market. Health departments, NGOs, and international organizations often seek candidates with specialized qualifications for positions that impact public health outcomes. A focused educational background could be just what sets you apart from other candidates vying for the same opportunities. For those seeking flexibility, acquiring a graduate certificate can often be done alongside full-time work. The emergence of quality online programs, such as the graduate certificate in public health with UTS Online, allows you to balance your personal and professional commitments while advancing your education—ensuring you don't miss out on current career opportunities while preparing for future ones.

09 Aug

Posted at 17:23h in Author Interviews, JAMA, OBGYNE, Pediatrics, USPSTF
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:x [caption id="attachment_60752" align="alignleft" width="133"]Dr. Nicholson Dr. Nicholson[/caption] Wanda K. Nicholson, M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A. Senior Associate Dean for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Professor of Prevention and Community Health Milken Institute School of Public Health George Washington University Vice chair of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Neural tube defects are when a baby’s spinal cord or brain don’t develop properly during pregnancy, which can cause serious complications including disability and death. The good news is that taking folic acid supplements before and during early pregnancy is proven to help prevent this from happening.

19 Nov

Posted at 21:17h in Author Interviews, Environmental Risks
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_46115" align="alignleft" width="133"]Dr. Gilbert Rochon, III PH.D., MPH Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Global Health Management & Policy Tulane University’s School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Senior Consultant with MSF Global Solutions, LLC New Orleans Dr. Rochon[/caption] Dr. Gilbert Rochon, III PH.D., MPH Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Global Health Management & Policy Tulane University’s School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Senior Consultant with MSF Global Solutions, LLC New Orleans MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Having observed the frequency with which President Donald Trump characterized changes in regulatory policies and funding levels with respect to public health and the environment as eliminating or curtailing "unnecesssary Obama-era regulations," I became curious as to the full extent and impact of such deregulation and under-funding of health and environmental safeguards. In the process, I found it necessary to review federal government contributions to public health and the environment under all previous presidents.