Pediatrics

For children, the first way of knowing the world is through movement. Before a child can talk, until they say their first word, until they can clearly communicate in sentences, children reach, roll, and crawl to familiarize themselves with the objects they find around them. Elderly people slowly move into the care-giving position in most homes. For the most part, this is a natural occurrence in households. For children, however, physical, neurological, or developmental challenges can make it challenging to get exercise without an extra push. That's where early intervention, thoughtful consideration about caring for children, and pediatric mobility products can make the difference for a child's development. [caption id="attachment_75474" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Early Mobility and Child Development Photo by Meruyert Gonullu[/caption]

Cannabis and CBD Product Notice: Cannabis and CBD products are not FDA-monitored or approved for the treatment of anxiety, depression, or any other mental health condition and are not legal in all locations. Effects vary significantly between individuals. Do not use if you are pregnant, nursing, or may become pregnant. Keep out of reach of children. Children and pets should not be exposed to these products. Cannabis and CBD products may interact with alcohol and other drugs including prescription medications. Always consult your physician or qualified healthcare provider before using any cannabinoid product, especially if you have an existing health condition or take other medications.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Ryan M. Sullivan, PhD

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, UC San Diego School of Medicine

[caption id="attachment_75281" align="alignleft" width="200"]<div style="background:#fff4e5;border-left:4px solid #e07b00;border-radius:4px;padding:16px 20px;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-size:0.95em;color:#5a3e00;line-height:1.7;font-family:Georgia,serif;"><p style="margin:0;"><strong>Cannabis and CBD Product Notice:</strong> Cannabis and CBD products are not FDA-monitored or approved for the treatment of anxiety, depression, or any other mental health condition and are not legal in all locations. Effects vary significantly between individuals. Do not use if you are pregnant, nursing, or may become pregnant. Keep out of reach of children. Children and pets should not be exposed to these products. Cannabis and CBD products may interact with alcohol and other drugs including prescription medications. Always consult your physician or qualified healthcare provider before using any cannabinoid product, especially if you have an existing health condition or take other medications.</p> </div> <div style="background:#f0f4f8;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;padding:20px 24px;margin-bottom:2em;font-family:Georgia,serif;color:#1a1a2e;"> <p style="margin:0 0 6px 0;"><strong>MedicalResearch.com Interview with:</strong></p> <p style="margin:0 0 4px 0;"><strong>Ryan M. Sullivan, PhD</strong></p> <p style="margin:0;">Postdoctoral Research Fellow, UC San Diego School of Medicine</p> </div> [IMAGE GOES HERE] <!--more--> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;color:#444;font-style:italic;margin-bottom:1.5em;">Study: Sullivan RM, Wallace AL, Shankula CA, et al. Substance use patterns from late childhood to mid-adolescence: Updates on the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. <em>Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports.</em> 2026;20:100463. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2026.100463" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#1a7abf;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2026.100463</a></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> Adolescence is a critical period for brain development and a time when many young people begin experimenting with alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and other substances. Understanding when substance use begins, how it changes as young people get older, and which substances are most commonly used together can help researchers identify opportunities for prevention and better understand how early substance use may relate to later health outcomes. This study used data from the <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/adolescent-brain-substance-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#1a7abf;">Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study</a>, one of the largest longitudinal studies of youth in the United States, to provide an updated picture of substance use patterns from late childhood through mid-adolescence. Related MedicalResearch.com research has also found that <a href="https://medicalresearch.com/cognitive-brain-circuits-altered-in-youth-with-significant-cannabis-use/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#1a7abf;">cognitive brain circuits are altered in youth with significant cannabis use</a> — underlining why tracking when and how adolescents begin using substances matters for understanding long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> The study found that substance use increased steadily as participants moved through adolescence. By age 16, 38% of participants reported having used at least one substance during their lifetime. Alcohol, cannabis and nicotine were the substances most commonly reported.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;">The researchers also identified differences by sex. Boys reported higher rates of substance use before age 12, but beginning around age 13, girls reported higher rates of alcohol, cannabis and nicotine use, with the largest differences seen for nicotine. Polysubstance use — using two or more substances — was also relatively common, with nearly 15% of participants reporting it during the study. The most common combination was nicotine and cannabis, and girls reported higher rates of polysubstance use after age 13, particularly combinations involving nicotine.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;">Importantly, estimates adjusted to better reflect the U.S. population were very similar to the study's unadjusted estimates, suggesting that the ABCD cohort provides a useful representation of national patterns of adolescent substance use.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: What should readers take away from your report?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> The key takeaway is that substance use becomes increasingly common as young people move through adolescence, highlighting the importance of prevention and early intervention before or during the early teen years. The findings also show that substance use does not follow the same pattern for everyone. In particular, the shift toward higher rates of use among girls beginning around age 13 and the prevalence of nicotine-cannabis co-use point to the need for prevention strategies that account for differences in age, sex and patterns of substance use.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;">These findings also provide an important national benchmark for future research. By establishing when substance use emerges and how patterns evolve during adolescence, researchers can better investigate how substance use may intersect with brain development, mental health and other long-term outcomes.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: What recommendations do you have for future research as a result of this study?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> It will be important to investigate why substance use patterns diverge between boys and girls around age 13 and to identify the factors that contribute to higher rates of use among girls during later adolescence. Additional research should examine the factors associated with polysubstance use, particularly nicotine and cannabis co-use, and determine whether using multiple substances is associated with different developmental or health outcomes than using a single substance. Future studies could also explore how family environment, peer relationships, mental health, social conditions and changing perceptions of substance-related risks influence when and how adolescents begin using substances.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: Is there anything else you would like to add? Any disclosures?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> One important point is that these findings should not be interpreted to mean that most adolescents use substances. The study found that substance use increases with age, but the majority of young people in the cohort had not reported using substances by age 16. The value of this research is in identifying when use becomes more common and the specific patterns that emerge, so that prevention efforts can be targeted at the times and populations when they may have the greatest impact.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong>Disclosures:</strong> The study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) through National Institutes of Health awards DA064409, DA062011, DA050779, DA054980 and DA062432. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.</p> <p style="font-size: 13px; color: #666; background: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; padding: 14px 18px; margin-top:2em;"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The information on MedicalResearch.com is provided for educational purposes only, and is in no way intended to diagnose, cure, or treat any medical or other condition. Some links are sponsored. Products, services and providers are not warranted or endorsed by MedicalResearch.com or Eminent Domains Inc. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider and ask your doctor any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. In addition to all other limitations and disclaimers in this agreement, service provider and its third party providers disclaim any liability or loss in connection with the content provided on this website.</p> Dr. Ryan Sullivan PhD[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?

Dr. Sullivan: Adolescence is a critical period for brain development and a time when many young people begin experimenting with alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and other substances. Understanding when substance use begins, how it changes as young people get older, and which substances are most commonly used together can help researchers identify opportunities for prevention and better understand how early substance use may relate to later health outcomes. This study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, one of the largest longitudinal studies of youth in the United States, to provide an updated picture of substance use patterns from late childhood through mid-adolescence. Related MedicalResearch.com research has also found that cognitive brain circuits are altered in youth with significant cannabis use — underlining why tracking when and how adolescents begin using substances matters for understanding long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Mental Health Notice: If you are concerned about your child's development, safety, or mental health, contact a qualified healthcare provider as soon as possible. If you are not sure whether your child is safe, contact help immediately. Call 911 in an emergency, or reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling or texting 988 (24/7). This post is for background information only and is not a complete guide to autism assessment or ABA therapy.

Early childhood is a period of rapid brain development, when attention, language, movement, and social response are still taking shape. For children with autism, that timing can matter because repeated teaching is more likely to influence daily function while patterns remain flexible. Applied behavior analysis helps break broad goals into small, teachable actions. Families often notice practical changes first, including smoother meals, clearer requests, and less distress during routine transitions.

For a foundational overview of how ABA therapy works and what families can expect, see this guide to what ABA therapy is and how it works.

[caption id="attachment_75248" align="aligncenter" width="500"]early aba therapy Pexels image[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Jay Doucet, MD

Chief, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery

Medical Director, Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Emergency Preparedness and Response

UC San Diego Health

[caption id="attachment_75129" align="alignleft" width="150"] Dr. Jay Doucet[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?

Dr. Doucet: E-bikes have surged in popularity in recent years because they allow riders to travel farther and faster with less physical effort than traditional bicycles. While this growth has expanded transportation options for many people, researchers say it has also introduced new safety challenges. E-bikes are generally heavier and capable of higher speeds than conventional bicycles, factors that may contribute to more serious injuries when collisions occur. This study adds to a growing body of evidence explored previously on MedicalResearch.com in a related interview on how electric bikes are linked to a dramatic increase in injuries and hospitalizations.

[caption id="attachment_75130" align="aligncenter" width="500"]ebike accidents Pexels[/caption]

Mental Health Notice: If you are not sure about or worried about your child or adolescent's mental health or safety, contact a qualified health professional as soon as possible. If you believe your child is in immediate danger, call 911 or go to your nearest emergency room. You can also contact the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling or texting 988 (24/7), or the Crisis Text Line by texting HOME to 741741. This post is for background information only and is not a complete guide to childhood mental health assessment or treatment.

Parents often worry about their children's physical health. A fever, a scraped knee, or unusual rash gets immediate attention. Mental health is different. The signs are quieter, harder to spot, and many parents aren't sure what warrants professional help. Yet early intervention in childhood mental health can shape a child's entire developmental trajectory. Understanding when and how to seek assessment makes all the difference.

Mental health challenges in children are more common than many realize. About one in five children experiences a diagnosable mental health condition in any given year, according to research from the National Institute of Mental Health. These conditions range from anxiety and depression to behavioral disorders and developmental concerns. The challenge is that children express distress differently than adults — recognizing these patterns early opens doors to effective treatment before problems compound. For a broader framework on how parents, clinicians, and advocates can work together, see this overview of safeguarding adolescent health.

Editor's note: This piece discusses teen mental health issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, self-harm, and suicide. If you or a young person you know is struggling, you can contact the Crisis Text Line by texting "START" to 741-741 or call or text the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988. For teens specifically, the Teen Line is available by texting "TEEN" to 839863 or calling 1-800-852-8336. In life-threatening situations, call 911. Teen mental health is in crisis. Walk into any high school right now and you will see students facing anxiety, depression and trauma that was once whispered about by past generations. The statistics are overwhelming. And the very systems designed to safeguard kids are failing. [caption id="attachment_74653" align="aligncenter" width="500"]safeguarding_adolescent_mental_health Pexels[/caption] But here's the good news. Structure can make all the difference for a troubled teen. Between educated parents, clinical intervention and trauma-informed legal guidance, children can receive help early-on. This article breaks down how that framework works.

[caption id="attachment_74143" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Conceptual illustration of AAV9-mediated delivery of the WWOX gene to neurons Conceptual illustration of AAV9-mediated delivery of the WWOX gene to neurons, representing the first clinical use of a gene replacement therapy designed to restore WWOX function in the brain of an infant with WOREE syndrome.Credit: Hebrew University of Jerusalem / AI-generated illustration[/caption] MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Prof. Rami Aqeilan Jacob M. Eisenberg and Thomas W. Baylek Chair for Medical Research in the field of Genetic Engineering Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel This therapy is based on more than a decade of research led by Prof. Rami Aqeilan, brought together with scientists, clinicians, and biotechnology leaders from Israel and the United States, including Dr. Naama Orenstein and Dr. Dror Kraus of Schneider Children's Medical Center and Dr. Yael Weiss, CEO of Mahzi Therapeutics.
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Would you briefly explain the functions of the WWOX gene? Response: WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase) is a highly conserved gene that plays essential roles in brain development, neuronal function, and cellular stress responses. Nearly two decades ago, our laboratory and others began studying WWOX because of its involvement in cancer biology. However, over the past decade it became increasingly clear that WWOX is also critical for normal brain development. Inherited loss-of-function mutations in WWOX cause a devastating neurological disorder known as WOREE syndrome (WWOX-Related Epileptic Encephalopathy). Affected children typically develop severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy during infancy, profound developmental delay, intellectual disability, and significant motor impairment. Unfortunately, there has been no disease-modifying therapy available for these patients. The foundation for this therapeutic approach came from years of fundamental research in our laboratory aimed at understanding the biological role of WWOX in the nervous system. Using genetically engineered mouse models, we discovered that deleting WWOX specifically in neurons was sufficient to reproduce the major neurological features observed in mice lacking WWOX throughout the entire body. This finding demonstrated that neuronal WWOX deficiency is a primary driver of the disease and suggested that restoring WWOX function in neurons might be sufficient to achieve therapeutic benefit. Based on this insight, we developed a gene replacement strategy designed to restore WWOX expression selectively in neurons using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. In preclinical studies, delivery of this vector into the brains of WWOX-deficient mice resulted in remarkable rescue of the disease phenotype. Treated animals exhibited normal behavior, elimination of seizures, and substantial correction of the neurological abnormalities associated with WWOX deficiency. These findings provided the critical proof-of-concept that neuronal gene replacement could effectively reverse key features of the disease and laid the scientific foundation for translating this approach toward clinical application in patients with WOREE syndrome.

[caption id="attachment_73788" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Preventive Wellness During Childhood Source[/caption]

Preventive Wellness During Childhood: Why Parents Should Pay More Attention

A lot of parents pay attention to childhood wellness once something feels obviously wrong. A bad cough, constant exhaustion, trouble focusing in school, emotional outbursts, or sleep problems usually trigger concern fast. The quieter habits often slip through unnoticed because they do not look urgent in the moment. Skipping routine appointments, inconsistent sleep schedules, too much screen time, rushed meals, and bottled-up stress can slowly shape how kids feel physically and emotionally for years without creating one dramatic warning sign. Preventive wellness is getting more attention now because healthcare providers are seeing how many long-term struggles actually start with everyday patterns that look harmless early on. Parents are especially noticing this in busy places like Tribeca in New York, where family schedules move nonstop. Kids bounce between school, activities, packed afternoons, and heavy screen exposure while parents try to keep routines together around demanding workdays and city life. Wellness can quietly become something reactive instead of consistent. More families are starting to slow down and look at childhood health differently now.

Summer Child Health in Alaska Alaska summers are unlike summers anywhere else. The days are long enough that children will beg to stay outside past 10 p.m., the rivers and trails fill with families making the most of a brief and beautiful season, and the pace of life shifts in ways that can loosen normal routines around sleep, eating, and supervision. All of that is part of what makes an Alaska summer memorable. It also creates a distinct set of child health considerations that parents are wise to think through before the season hits full stride. Urgent care for children in Alaska sees a reliable seasonal pattern every summer: more injuries, more sun-related illness, more waterborne exposure, and more cases where a small problem became a bigger one because a family did not know where to turn. The good news is that most summer health issues affecting children are preventable, recognizable, and treatable when addressed promptly. Knowing what to watch for and where to go if something goes wrong is the best preparation any Alaska parent can do before the summer gets underway.

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Would you describe what is meant by FAST spine MRI? Does it require any new technology or learning curve?

 
Response: Full sequence spine MRIs are routinely performed as screening studies in pediatric patients with idiopathic scoliosis; however, they may take up to 60 minutes or require sedation. Limited sequence or "FAST" spine MRI scans require less time and a less frequent need for sedation, but they may decrease diagnostic accuracy. Limited sequence MRI scans perform fewer imaging sequences compared to full sequence MRI scans. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility and safety of limited sequence MRI scans as a screening tool in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. The learning curve is not steep to become comfortable in evaluating limited sequence spine MRI images or reports.

Editor's note: This piece discusses mental health issues. If you have experienced suicidal thoughts or have lost someone to suicide and want to seek help, you can contact the Crisis Text Line by texting "START" to 741-741 or call the Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255.

Please note: Cannabis laws and regulations vary by state and locality. Cannabis use may have significant health risks, particularly for adolescents, pregnant individuals, and those with a history of mental health conditions. Cannabis has not been approved by the FDA for most uses and may interact with medications. Do not use cannabis as a substitute for medical treatment. The information in this post is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical or legal advice. Always consult your physician or qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about cannabis use. Do not use cannabis products if pregnant, nursing or may become pregnant.  Children should never be exposed to cannabis products.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_73658" align="alignleft" width="130"]Prof. Shu-Hong Zhu Prof. Shu-Hong Zhu[/caption] Shu-Hong Zhu, Ph.D. Professor of Family Medicine and Public Health and Director of the Center for Research and Intervention in Tobacco Control (CRITC) University of California, San Diego MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Cannabis use in the U.S. has steadily increased over recent decades. As use rates increased, perceptions that cannabis use is harmful have trended in the opposite direction. Declining harm perceptions in the broader population are concerning in part because of their influence on adolescents. Regular cannabis use during adolescents can negatively impact overall functioning, cognition, and educational achievement. It can lead to depression, psychosis, and suicidality. If young people don’t perceive cannabis as harmful, they are more likely to use it and suffer these effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which adolescents view the everyday and occasional use of cannabis as harmful, and to compare their perceptions of cannabis to their perceptions of alcohol, cigarettes, and nicotine vapes. It used data from over 160,000 students who took the 2019−2020 California Student Tobacco Survey and over 16,000 who took the 2024 California Youth Tobacco Survey.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_73123" align="alignleft" width="200"]Lara McKenzie, PhDPrincipal investigator, Center for Injury Research and Policy Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, OH Dr. McKenzie[/caption] Lara McKenzie, PhD Principal investigator, Center for Injury Research and Policy Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, OH MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Kids are curious and explore their environments by tasting, touching, and mimicking adults. Kids don’t read labels, nor do they understand hazardous or dangerous ingredients. Packaging is usually colorful and attractive to kids and they are able to operate dispensing systems that are not child-resistant easily. Plus, household cleaning products are ubiquitous in the home. Prior safety efforts rely on adults to lock or store products safely each and every use and we know that is not routinely or consistently done. The consistently high number of household cleaning product-related injuries sustained by the youngest children and new products that have entered the marketplace in the past decade highlights the need for stronger product packaging standards, with emphasis on ensuring that spray bottles and other commonly accessible containers meet child-resistant packaging requirements.

[caption id="attachment_72468" align="aligncenter" width="500"]speech-play-therapy.jpg Photo by RDNE Stock project[/caption] When parents think about speech therapy, they often imagine structured drills or repetitive exercises. While those approaches can have their place, research and experience show that play-based speech therapy is one of the most effective and engaging ways for children to build communication skills. For families seeking speech therapy in Brownsburg, this child-centered approach helps kids learn naturally—while having fun. What Is Play-Based Speech Therapy? Play-based speech therapy uses games, toys, movement, and everyday activities to support speech and language development. Instead of sitting at a table completing worksheets, children learn through interaction, imagination, and meaningful communication. A speech-language pathologist (SLP) carefully designs play activities to target specific goals such as:
  • Producing speech sounds clearly
  • Expanding vocabulary
  • Using longer sentences
  • Improving social communication
  • Following directions and understanding language
The play may look simple, but every activity is intentional and aligned with the child’s therapy goals.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_72499" align="alignleft" width="174"]Dr. Alex Gileles-Hillel MDFounder and director of Gileles Lab Hadassah Medical Center Dr. Gileles-Hillel[/caption] Dr. Alex Gileles-Hillel MD Founder and director of Gileles Lab Hadassah Medical Center Along with Dr. Joel Reiter MD from the Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University and Senior Pediatric Pulmonologists at the Hadassah Medical Center with Dr. David Gozal MD, MBA, PhD from Marshall University MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) experience increased morbidity, including cognitive difficulties, daytime dysfunction, and poorer academic performance, as well as a higher risk of future cardiometabolic disease such as hypertension and obesity. In addition, pediatric OSA has been shown to impair immune responses and alter immunologic function, although the clinical consequences of these changes remain incompletely understood.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
[caption id="attachment_72376" align="alignleft" width="190"]MedicalResearch.com Interview with: William Schaffner, MD Professor of Preventive Medicine, Department of Health Policy Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Dr. Schaffner discusses the recent increase in the incidence of measles infections. MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: The fundamental reason leading to the increase in measles cases in the US is that some parents are withholding their children from routine measles vaccination: Failure to vaccinate. As a result, there are neighborhoods, schools, and communities that now have vaccination rates substantially below the 92% to 95% needed to prevent outbreaks of infection. Measles is the most contagious virus we know, so it takes very high vaccination rates to prevent transmission and to avert outbreaks. Vaccine hesitancy has many causes: Lack of knowledge of the severity of measles, concern over vaccine side-effects, low trust in public health, a desire to do things more “naturally” and it can also have political overtones, among others. The measles vaccine is extraordinarily effective; the routine two-dose series confers 97% to 98% protection for life. The rare “breakthrough” infections that occur in vaccinated persons are generally milder, with fewer complications than in persons who are unvaccinated. The US was certified as having eliminated measles in 2000 because of high vaccination rates across the country. Sadly, the US is likely to lose that designation because of sustained measles transmission, reverting us back to the bad old days. It is particularly sad for any of our children to have to endure measles and its consequences. All these cases could have been prevented by vaccination. MedicalResearch.com: What roles do a decrease in US immunization rates and/or increased immigration from under-vaccinated area play in this increase? Response: The substantial majority of unimmunized children in the US were born and raised in this country. They usually are members of middle- or upper-income families. The most frequent importers of measles into the US are our own unimmunized children who travel abroad, encounter measles virus and bring it back to their homes where the virus then spreads among the child’s schoolmates and playmates, creating an outbreak. MedicalResearch.com: Since many, especially younger, health care providers have never seen a case of measles, are there characteristic features clinicians should be aware of? Response: Measles vaccination has been so successful that many young and middle-aged doctors have never seen a case. Beginning 7-21 days after exposure, the onset of illness is characterized by high fever and malaise. Shortly thereafter the classic “three Cs” occur: Coryza, conjunctivitis and cough. Inside both cheeks white papules (Koplik spots) appear. The characteristic rash soon follows – it is erythematous, blanching, starting on the face and moving down the body, becoming darker over time. The rash may be quite subtle in dark-skinned persons. The common complications of measles include diarrhea, otitis media as well as viral and bacterial pneumonia. More serious complications include encephalitis which occurs approximately once per thousand infections. MedicalResearch.com: Are there areas, i.e. airports, sporting venues etc. where measles transmission is more likely? Response: Measles is readily transmitted among susceptible persons indoors. As most of the cases are in children, daycare, schools, religious services, birthday parties, and such are common venues for transmission although other sites such as airports and sporting events occasionally have been implicated. MedicalResearch.com: What should clinicians do if they have a suspected case of measles? Response: All cases of suspected measles should be reported immediately to the local health department. Disclosures: I have no relevant disclosures. The information on MedicalResearch.com is provided for educational purposes only, and is in no way intended to diagnose, cure, or treat any medical or other condition. Some links may be sponsored. Products, services and providers are not warranted or endorsed. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health and ask your doctor any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. In addition to all other limitations and disclaimers in this agreement, service provider and its third party providers disclaim any liability or loss in connection with the content provided on this website. Dr. Schaffner[/caption] William Schaffner, MD Professor of Preventive Medicine, Department of Health Policy Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37203 Dr. Schaffner discusses the recent increase in the incidence of measles infections. MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response:  The fundamental reason leading to the increase in measles cases in the US is that some parents are withholding their children from routine measles vaccination: Failure to vaccinate.  As a result, there are neighborhoods, schools, and communities that now have vaccination rates substantially below the 92% to 95% needed to prevent outbreaks of infection.  Measles is the most contagious virus we know, so it takes very high vaccination rates to prevent transmission and to avert outbreaks.  Vaccine hesitancy has many causes:  Lack of knowledge of the severity of measles, concern over vaccine side-effects, low trust in public health, a desire to do things more “naturally” and it can also have political overtones, among others. The measles vaccine is extraordinarily effective; the routine two-dose series confers 97% to 98% protection for life.  The rare “breakthrough” infections that occur in vaccinated persons are generally milder, with fewer complications than in persons who are unvaccinated.  The US was certified as having eliminated measles in 2000 because of high vaccination rates across the country.  Sadly, the US is likely to lose that designation because of sustained measles transmission, reverting us back to the bad old days.  It is particularly sad for any of our children to have to endure measles and its consequences.  All these cases could have been prevented by vaccination. CDC Image MedicalResearch.com: What roles do a decrease in US immunization rates and/or increased immigration from under-vaccinated area play in this increase?   Response:  The substantial majority of unimmunized children in the US were born and raised in this country.  They usually are members of middle- or upper-income families.  The most frequent importers of measles into the US are our own unimmunized children who travel abroad, encounter measles virus and bring it back to their homes where the virus then spreads among the child’s schoolmates and playmates, creating an outbreak.

[caption id="attachment_72073" align="aligncenter" width="500"] Photo by Kampus Production[/caption] Waiting for a clear sign often means waiting too long. A child's vision can affect development well before they complain.   This guide explains the professional timeline for kids' eye exams. To get ahead of issues like myopia, go ahead and talk to a pediatric...

[caption id="attachment_71843" align="aligncenter" width="500"]aba-autism-therapy.jpg Freepix image[/caption] Applied Behavior Analysis, commonly known as ABA therapy, is a widely recognized and evidence-based treatment designed to support individuals, especially children, with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental challenges. ABA therapy focuses on understanding behavior, identifying its causes, and using structured techniques to teach positive skills while reducing behaviors that may interfere with learning or daily life. So, what exactly is ABA therapy and how does it work? At its core, ABA therapy uses principles of behavioral science to shape and reinforce desired behaviors. Therapists begin by conducting a detailed assessment of the individual, identifying strengths, challenges, and specific behaviors that need attention. Based on this assessment, a customized plan is created that breaks down complex skills into smaller, achievable steps.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Samson Nivins PhD Postdoctoral Researcher, specializing in Perinatal and Pediatric NeurologySamson Nivins PhD Postdoctoral Researcher, specializing in Perinatal and Pediatric Neurology [caption id="attachment_71834" align="alignleft" width="92"]Torkel Klingberg, M.D., Ph.D.Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the Stockholm Brain Institute Dr. Klingberg[/caption] Torkel Klingberg, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the Stockholm Brain Institute Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden   MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: In the modern era, children’s use of digital media such as watching videos, playing video games, and using social media has increased substantially, often coinciding with a decline in outdoor activities. As many school-aged children now own personal devices, particularly smartphones, it has become easier for them to spend more time on screens than intended. For example, a German survey cited in an EU briefing reported that in 2020, 27% of 8-9-year-olds and 54% of 10-11-year-olds owned a smartphone. In the U.S., ~30% of children own a smartphone by age eight, with many receiving their first device between ages 10 and 11. With growing concerns about screen time, numerous studies have examined its potential consequences and have reported associations between higher screen use and increased ADHD symptoms. However, most of this research has been cross-sectional and has tended to combine different types of digital media such as television, video games, and social media into a single composite measure. This approach may obscure important differences, as various forms of digital media may have distinct effects on ADHD symptoms. To date, relatively few studies have examined the impact of specific types of digital media use on ADHD in a longitudinal framework, and even fewer have accounted for the heritable nature of ADHD. To address these gaps, this U.S. longitudinal study followed children from ages 9-10 to 13-14 years. The study collected repeated measures of daily time spent on specific digital activities, including television and videos, video games, and social media platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook. ADHD symptoms specifically inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were assessed using parent reports, and analyses adjusted for genetic factors and socioeconomic status.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_71800" align="alignleft" width="200"]Dr. Ornella Dakwar-KawarHebrew University with Prof. Mor Nahum and Prof. Itai Berger Hebrew University  Dr. Dakwar-Kawar, PhD[/caption] Dr. Ornella Dakwar-Kawar Hebrew University with Prof. Mor Nahum and Prof. Itai Berger Hebrew University  in collaboration with Prof. Jyoti Mishra from the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Prof. Roi Cohen Kadosh from the University of Surre, Dr. Pragathi Priyadharsini and Ashwin Amal from ITT Karpur, India and InnoSphere Ltd MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Children with ADHD often exhibit aberrant neural activity, specifically imbalances in excitation and inhibition levels alongside dysfunction in brain networks like the frontoparietal network. While our previous research showed that Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation or tRNS improves clinical symptoms, the specific neural modulation effects during cognitive tasks remained unclear. This study investigated these mechanisms by analyzing the aperiodic exponent, a marker of excitation inhibition balance, during an inhibitory control task to compare children with ADHD to healthy controls and assess changes following tRNS combined with cognitive training. 

[caption id="attachment_71709" align="alignleft" width="202"]Julian Zorilla, DOPediatric Hematologist/Oncologist Nemours Children’s Health Dr. Zorrilla[/caption] MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Julian Zorrilla, DO Pediatric Hematologist/Oncologist Nemours Children’s Health MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Non-factor therapies are a novel treatment approach for people with hemophilia A and B with and without inhibitors. Fitusiran is a first-of-its-kind “rebalancing” agent that provides effective hemostatic control from bleeds in people with hemophilia. This study describes the experience of people with hemophilia who are on fitusiran in regard to minor surgeries. This data shows minor surgeries can be effectively and safely performed for those patients who are on fitusiran for their prophylaxis.  A subset of individuals on fitusiran did not require any other medications to help prevent surgical bleeding.

[caption id="attachment_71278" align="aligncenter" width="500"]rhinoplasty-cosmetic-3d-surgery Freepix image[/caption] Rhinoplasty, otherwise known as nose reshaping surgery, has always been one of the most intricate cosmetic procedures you can have. One of the reasons for that is the fact that your nose sits at the center of the face, and heavily influences both your appearance and balance. For that reason, even subtle adjustments can make a dramatic difference. When so much is at stake you will want to turn to someone like experienced nose job surgeon Dr Cengizhan, so that you can help enure that you will get the result you are looking for. When you think about it, for years, patients had to rely on before-and-after photos or rough sketches to imagine potential results. But now, technology has changed all that, thanks to 3D imaging. This powerful tool has proved transformational when it comes to rhinoplasty planning and consultation. Let’s look at the role 3D imaging plays.

[caption id="attachment_71074" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Do Baby Monitors Record Photo by RDNE Stock project [/caption] Baby monitors have undergone significant development in the marketplace, and the question parents usually ask: Do baby monitors record? Due to their recording functions, baby monitors have been gaining acceptance in the market as they help ensure parents pay close attention to their babies. In this article, you will explore the various types of recordings and the functions of baby monitors. It will also provide you with knowledge about the differences between local storage and cloud storage, as well as the treatment of privacy and security issues. Additionally, the matter can be considered in terms of legal and ethical recording practices. 

The Simple Answer: Some Do, Some Don't

A lot of baby monitors are now available in the market, and with technology that continues to expand, it will only be a matter of time before almost everyone has one. Since the era now is so focused on technology and high-tech devices, parents often wonder: Do baby monitors record? To be honest, the answer depends, since not every baby monitor can record. To put it simply, some baby monitors do, while some don’t.

[caption id="attachment_71041" align="alignleft" width="200"]chris-church Chris Church[/caption] MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Chris Church MPT Director, Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory Nemours duPont Hospital for Children MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Would you briefly describe the condition of clubfoot and arthrogryposis? Response: Clubfoot is a congenital foot deformity in which the child is born with their foot (or feet) are stiff and in position with the foot pointing down (equinus) and in (inverted).  Idiopathic clubfoot is a condition in which these children only have issues with their feet.  Arthrogryposis is a condition in which children have contractures in multiple parts of their body.  Children with Arthrogryposis often have clubfeet that are tighter and more difficult to treat than the more common idiopathic type. Idiopathic clubfoot is effectively corrected with a conservative treatment known as the Ponseti method. Recent studies have shown successful short-term correction using Ponseti treatment in the stiffer clubfoot associated with arthrogryposis, but there are few studies analyzing long-term results. This study compares outcomes of the Ponseti method in 10-year-old children with idiopathic clubfoot and clubfoot associated with arthrogryposis. MedicalResearch.com: Would you describe the Ponseti method? Does it require specialized or complicated training to implement treatment? Response: Clubfoot was treated with surgery in the past.  Now we use a more conservative treatment that is provided by pediatric orthopedic surgeons and physical therapists.  The Ponseti method involved serial casting in infancy, Achillies tenotomies, and prolonged use of bracing during sleep until age 5 years. [caption id="attachment_71050" align="alignleft" width="300"]ClubfootNemours Image Clubfoot
Nemours Image[/caption] [caption id="attachment_71051" align="alignleft" width="300"]Clubfoot Nemours Image Clubfoot
Nemours Image[/caption]            

[caption id="attachment_70749" align="alignleft" width="150"]Statement from Andrea Baccarelli, MD, PhDDean of the Faculty
Professor of Environmental Health
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Dr. Baccarelli[/caption] Statement from Andrea Baccarelli, MD, PhD Dean of the Faculty Professor of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Colleagues and I recently conducted a rigorous review, funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), of the potential risks of acetaminophen use during pregnancy. We reviewed 46 previously published human studies worldwide. We found evidence of an association between exposure to acetaminophen during pregnancy and increased incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. This association is strongest when acetaminophen is taken for four weeks or longer.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_70637" align="alignleft" width="133"]Thomas B. Casale, M.D.Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics
Chief of Clinical and Translational Research
Division of Allergy and Immunology
USF Health Morsani College of Medicine
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida Dr. Casale[/caption] Thomas B. Casale, M.D. Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Chief of Clinical and Translational Research Division of Allergy and Immunology USF Health Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida Tampa, Florida MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: The data leading to FDA approval of neffy came from extensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. As with previous epinephrine delivery devices, the FDA asked for data showing that after delivery of neffy the epinephrine blood levels and expected changes in pulse and blood pressure were similar to those achieved with injectable formulations of epinephrine. neffy performed as expected with blood levels of epinephrine bracketed by those achieved with EpiPen and a needle and syringe along with increases in pulse and blood pressure compatible with the epinephrine levels measured. Additionally, clinicians are interested in whether neffy would perform similarly in real clinical situations. The data from the neffy experience program provides real-world assurance that neffy can effectively treat acute allergic reactions. Given the large number of patients and the similar findings to those achieved with injectable epinephrine in previous studies, the data should provide assurance that neffy can be an effective substitute for injectable epinephrine in patients that desire a needle-free option. neffy

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_70576" align="alignleft" width="200"]Thao-Ly Phan, MD, MPH Medical Director, Nemours Children's Health Professor of Pediatrics Thomas Jefferson University Dr. Thao Ly Phan[/caption] Thao-Ly Phan, MD, MPH Medical Director, Nemours Children's Health Professor of Pediatrics Thomas Jefferson University MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been extensively studied in adults, but there has been limited exploration of its effects on children and adolescents. While several studies have described weight gain trends in children during the pandemic, less is known about how having a diagnosis of COVID-19 contributed to these trends. Our study drew on the NIH’s National Clinical Cohort Collaborative database, a real-world database of electronic health data from over 90 institutions across the country.  We used this dataset’s unique features to compare a diverse group of more than 11,000 children diagnosed with COVID-19 to a matched cohort of children without a diagnosis of COVID-19.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_70522" align="alignleft" width="150"]Ibrahim Gwarzo, DrPH, MPH, MBBSResearch Scientist at Nemours Children’s Health
Delaware Valley, Delaware USA Dr. Gwarzo[/caption] Ibrahim Gwarzo, DrPH, MPH, MBBS Research Scientist at Nemours Children’s Health Delaware Valley, Delaware USA MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Would you briefly explain the condition of sickle cell disease and why young people frequently present to the ER with severe pain? Response: Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. It is passed down as an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning a person must inherit the defective gene from both parents to have the disease. The condition primarily impacts hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells, which leads to changes in the shape and stability of these cells. The complications associated with the disease, including recurrent and severe pain episodes, are a direct result of these changes. These pain episodes are debilitating and unpredictable, resulting in frequent emergency department visits where they are typically treated with pain medications, including opioids. It is estimated that around 100,000 people in the United States have sickle cell disease, with about 40,000 being children. The disease has a significant prevalence in the Afro-Latino population.