Author Interviews, Lyme / 08.11.2024

  [caption id="attachment_64663" align="aligncenter" width="500"]tick lyme disease Source[/caption]   Own a dog? Then your vet must have shared a thing or two about the risks of ticks and even warned you about Lyme disease.  But is your furry friend only at risk of this bacterial infection? You’re wrong if you think so. Humans can also get Lyme disease if a black-legged tick carrying the borrelia bacteria bites them. Just recently, the comedian and actress Miranda Hart opened up about how she struggled with chronic fatigue syndrome after she was diagnosed with Lyme disease.  Many other famous people say they have been struck by this tick-borne bacterial infection. Those include Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star Yolanda Hadid and her daughter, model Bella Hadid, comic Amy Schumer, actor Ben Stiller, and singer Justin Bieber.  As high-profile names share their struggles, awareness of Lyme is spreading fast. But so are the myths. So, let’s separate the facts from the fiction surrounding this disease.

Myth #1: Lyme Disease Is Only a Problem in the Northeast

The Northeast does see a lot of Lyme disease cases, and that is mainly because it has a high population of black-legged ticks. But it is not confined to New England.   Lyme-carrying ticks can be found across much of the United States, especially in the upper Midwest and along the West Coast. In 2022, the largest number of Lyme disease cases were reported in the Middle Atlantic region—New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York.  There has also been a rapid surge in the number of cases in the northern New England states of New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine, reports Mount Sinai.  So, why the misconception? Part of it comes down to awareness—doctors in the Northeast are more used to spotting it, which can lead to better diagnosis rates. Meanwhile, in other areas, this bacterial infection might be misdiagnosed or underreported, which is why it flies under the radar. 
Author Interviews, Lyme, Race/Ethnic Diversity, UCLA / 18.10.2021

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dan P. Ly M.D., Ph.D., M.P.P. [caption id="attachment_58262" align="alignleft" width="200"]Dr. Dan P. Ly Dr. Dan P. Ly[/caption] Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles, CA  MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Lyme disease presents first on the skin with the classic “bull’s-eye” rash. But such rashes in Black patients aren’t well-represented in medical textbooks. This may lead to physicians not recognizing such rashes in Black patients. As a result, Black patients are more likely to present with later complications of Lyme disease when first diagnosed such as neurologic complications.  
Author Interviews, Lyme / 13.03.2020

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_53507" align="alignleft" width="200"]Dr-Donal BIsanzio Dr. BIsanzio[/caption] Donal Bisanzio PhD DVM Senior Epidemiologist RTI International MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: The number of reported cases of Lyme disease has steadily increased since the year 2000. The Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) estimates that nearly 30,000 cases are reported each year with close to 270,000 unreported cases. The high fraction of unreported cases is linked with the absence of specific disease symptoms, which can deter physicians from an initial diagnosis. Another critical factor causing underreporting is the low accuracy of methods used to test Lyme disease. These factors show us that some counties that are currently considered Lyme disease-free may only have this status due to underreporting. RTI International, in collaboration with Columbia University, built a model to show factors affecting the diffusion of case reporting in the north-eastern U.S. from 2000 to 2017 and identify which counties may be experiencing underreporting. The model used publicly available data published each year by the CDC on cases reported at the county-level merged with information on vector distribution and data obtained by satellite surveys. The model included 855 counties located in 31 states in the West North Central, East North Central, New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern regions of the U.S. The final product was a map showing the probability of counties of the north-eastern U.S. to report Lyme disease cases. 
Author Interviews, Infections, Lyme / 18.09.2019

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_51382" align="alignleft" width="130"]Jorge Benach, PhD Distinguished Toll Professor Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Pathology Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Dr. Benach[/caption] Jorge Benach, PhD Distinguished Toll Professor Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Pathology Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University  MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: The increases in the numbers of cases of tick-borne diseases in the nation, and the increases in the number of cases in our area were the catalysts to document the levels of infection with a number of pathogens in the vector ticks. In addition, there were indications that an invasive tick species, the lone star tick, had taken a foothold in our area and had brought new tick-borne pathogens. Identification of the multiple pathogens was made possible by the molecular probes developed by Dr Rafal Tokarz, another corresponding author of our study 
Author Interviews, CDC, Lyme / 27.11.2017

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_38533" align="alignleft" width="401"]This 2007 photograph depicts the pathognomonic erythematous rash in the pattern of a “bull’s-eye”, which manifested at the site of a tick bite on this Maryland woman’s posterior right upper arm, who’d subsequently contracted Lyme disease. Lyme disease patients who are diagnosed early, and receive proper antibiotic treatment, usually recover rapidly and completely. A key component of early diagnosis is recognition of the characteristic Lyme disease rash called erythema migrans. This rash often manifests itself in a “bull's-eye” appearance, and is observed in about 80% of Lyme disease patients. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and as illustrated here, the characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. Note that there are a number of PHIL images related to this disease and its vectors. This 2007 photograph depicts the pathognomonic erythematous rash in the pattern of a “bull’s-eye”, which manifested at the site of a tick bite on this Maryland woman’s posterior right upper arm, who’d subsequently contracted Lyme disease.
Lyme disease patients who are diagnosed early, and receive proper antibiotic treatment, usually recover rapidly and completely. A key component of early diagnosis is recognition of the characteristic Lyme disease rash called erythema migrans. This rash often manifests itself in a “bull's-eye” appearance, and is observed in about 80% of Lyme disease patients.
Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and as illustrated here, the characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. From CDC image library[/caption] Kiersten Kugeler, PhD Division of Vector-Borne Diseases CDC MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Lyme disease has been a nationally notifiable disease in the United States since 1991. Each year, possible cases of Lyme disease are investigated and tallied by state and local public health officials according to criteria set by the surveillance case definition. States voluntarily share human case data with CDC, which summarizes the data to provide a national perspective on disease trends. This report summarizes national Lyme disease data reported during 2008-2015. Lyme disease continues to be the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States with more than 275,000 cases of Lyme disease reported to CDC during the study period. Although most cases continue to be reported from states with high incidence in the Northeast, mid-Atlantic, and upper Midwest regions, case counts in most of these states have remained stable or decreased during this time. In contrast, case counts have increased in states that neighbor those with high incidence. The trend of stable to decreasing case counts in many states with high incidence may be due to multiple factors, including the possibility that occurrence of the disease has stabilized in these areas or that some state health agencies have changed their reporting practices to lower the resource burden associated with Lyme disease surveillance. Lyme disease surveillance is not meant to document every case, but rather to indicate disease trends over time, define high-risk groups, and describe the geographic distribution of the condition.
Author Interviews, CDC, Lyme / 23.06.2017

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_35564" align="alignleft" width="200"]Dr. Christina Nelson, MD MPH Medical epidemiologist, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases CDC Dr. Nelson[/caption] Dr. Christina Nelson, MD MPH Medical epidemiologist, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases CDC  MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Patients who are given a diagnosis of “chronic Lyme disease” have been offered a variety of treatments that have not been shown to be effective.  Many patients are treated with prolonged courses of antibiotics (for months or years), which have not been shown to provide substantial long-term benefit to patients.  Anecdotal reports about adverse outcomes associated with these treatments for chronic Lyme disease are common, but there have not been systematic efforts to collect data about the frequency of these events. MedicalResearch.com: Why is the diagnosis of 'Chronic Lyme Disease' so common? Response: The term “chronic Lyme disease” (CLD) has been used to describe people with different illnesses. While the term is sometimes used to describe illness in patients with Lyme disease, in many occasions it has been used to describe symptoms in people who have no evidence of a current or past infection with Lyme disease.  Because of the confusion in how the term CLD is employed, experts in this field do not support its use.
Author Interviews, CDC, Lyme / 17.01.2017

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Tammi L. Johnson PhD, Microbiologist Division of Vector-Borne Diseases CDC MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks, also called deer ticks. Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vectorborne illness in the United States, with approximately 300,000 humans becoming infected each year. While Lyme disease infections are highly concentrated in the northeast and upper Midwest, the number of counties in which the blacklegged tick has become “established” has more than doubled in the past two decades. Established populations of these ticks are found in 35 states. Knowing that Lyme disease is increasing both in numbers of infections and in geographic range in the United States, we did this study to determine if people are at risk of encountering infected ticks while recreating in eastern national parks. This is the first large-scale survey in multiple national parks, and though suspected, it had not been confirmed that ticks in many of these parks were infected. So the purpose of the study was to survey national park units across six Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic States and the District of Columbia, ranging from Maine in the north to Virginia in the south and characterize the risk of human exposure to ticks-borne bacteria. Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Park Service evaluated frequently used trails in Acadia National Park, Catoctin Mountain Park, Fire Island National Seashore, Gettysburg National Military Park, Manassas National Battlefield Park, Monocacy National Battlefield, Prince William Forest Park, Rock Creek Park, and Shenandoah National Park.
Author Interviews, Lyme / 31.08.2016

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_27677" align="alignleft" width="149"]Audun Aase, PhD Department Director, Infectious Disease Immunology Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo, Norway Dr. Audun Aase[/caption] Audun Aase, PhD Department Director, Infectious Disease Immunology Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo, Norway MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Controversies related to Lyme disease and tick transmitted diseases have gained much attention in the public media in Norway, both regarding treatment regimens and diagnostics. People with long-lasting disease may relate their symptoms to previous tick bite and/or suboptimal-treated Lyme disease and have adopted the diagnosis chronic Lyme disease. As many of these patients lack objective proof of Lyme disease, they look for alternative test to signify their suspicion. A modified microscopy method for detection of the Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. (the causative agent of Lyme disease) in human blood was published in 2013. The authors behind the method examined blood from suspected chronic Lyme disease patients, and the results showed presence of Borrelia spirochetes in most of the specimens. Using the same method, they also claimed to detect the Babesia parasites in many of the samples. The method gained much publicity and the patients advocated strongly for this method as most other laboratory tests had failed to prove their diagnosis.
Author Interviews, Lyme / 29.08.2016

MedicalResearch.com with [caption id="attachment_27455" align="alignleft" width="125"]Senior Author: Tara Moriarty, Ph.D. University of Toronto, Canada Faculty of Dentistry, Matrix Dynamics Group Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology Dr. Tara Moriarty Ph.D.[/caption] Senior Author: Tara Moriarty, Ph.D. University of Toronto, Canada Faculty of Dentistry, Matrix Dynamics Group Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology [caption id="attachment_27454" align="alignleft" width="125"]Rhodaba Ebady, Ph.D Rhodaba Ebady, Ph.D. student[/caption] Lead Author: Rhodaba Ebady, Ph.D. student University of Toronto, Canada Faculty of Dentistry, Matrix Dynamics Group MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: The spread of microbes via the bloodstream (dissemination) is responsible for most of the mortality associated with bacterial infection. Even though this is a clinically important step of many infectious diseases, and likely an important target for disease treatment, we don’t know how most microbes disseminate. One of the key steps in this process is adhesion of bacteria to the inner surfaces of blood vessels. This allows bacteria to slow down enough to grab onto vessel surfaces, then escape from the blood stream into tissues where it’s easier for them to live. It’s a bit like the problem faced by a person being carried down a fast-flowing river who needs to grab onto something on the banks to get out onto dry land. A big problem for bacteria, and any other cells which must stick to blood vessel walls (like white blood cells travelling to a site of infection or inflammation), is that they have to be able to stick to vessel walls without being ripped off by the flow of blood. They have to have adhesion mechanisms strong enough to overcome forces due to flow. It’s also really helpful to be able to hang on but keep moving along walls until they reach a good spot to get out. This is important for white blood cells too, which have to “sample” their environment to get to the right place to get out of blood flow. Even though the problem of how bacteria stick to blood vessel walls is so important clinically, the mechanisms bacteria use to do this are not widely understood. Part of this gap in our knowledge arises because we haven’t had good tools to study this process as it happens, and to understand how force affects bacterial interaction with vessel walls. The process of bacteria sticking to blood vessel walls is very fast, and hard to observe. The methods to observe this have already been developed, but the major technical innovations of our paper were to figure out how to identify and track the movement of the individual bacteria which stuck to vessel walls among millions flowing past, and to figure out how to set up a flow chamber system which replicated certain conditions in human blood vessels. Figuring out how to do this allowed us to figure out a lot about how the bacteria moved, and the forces and mechanisms involved in adhesion. It took a couple of years just to figure out the common patterns in the thousands of tracks of bacteria interacting with blood vessels, after the initial technical innovation.
Author Interviews, CDC, Lyme, Race/Ethnic Diversity / 08.03.2016

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Christina Nelson, MD, MPH, FAAP Medical Epidemiologist Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Vector-Borne Diseases | Bacterial Diseases Branch Fort Collins, CO MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Nelson: Since Lyme disease is a nationally notifiable disease, state and local health departments collect reports of Lyme disease cases in their jurisdictions then share this data with CDC. This surveillance data is very informative and can be used to track disease patterns. Hispanics comprise roughly 45% of the U.S. workforce in outdoor jobs such as grounds maintenance, farming, fishing, and forestry, so they potentially have an increased risk of Lyme disease. Since information on Lyme disease in Hispanics is very limited, we decided to look into this topic further by analyzing surveillance data.
Author Interviews, CDC, Lyme / 21.01.2016

More on Lyme Disease on MedicalResearch.com MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Rebecca Eisen PhD research biologist and Ben Beard, Ph.D.  Chief, Bacterial Diseases Branch Division of Vector-Borne Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Eisen: Since the late 1990s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease in the United States has tripled and the number of counties in the northeastern United States that are considered high-risk for Lyme disease has increased by more than >320%. In 1998, a comprehensive review was published that described the geographic distributions of the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the Western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus). These ticks are responsible for infecting humans with the pathogens that cause Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis. Medical Research: Would you tell us about the methodology? Response: CDC researchers recently published an update to the 1998 tick distribution map. The authors reviewed the scientific literature and individual state health department websites for data. Additionally, they contacted public health officials, entomologists, and Lyme disease investigators throughout the United States to assess county-level tick collection data. Researchers characterized counties with Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus ticks as “established” if at least 6 individual ticks or at least 2 of the 3 tick life stages had been identified during a collection period. Counties were characterized as “reported” if at least one tick of any life stage had been identified at any time in that county, or if county records did not specify the number of ticks or life stages collected.
Author Interviews, Biomarkers, Lyme, Rheumatology / 10.11.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Robert B. Lochhead PhD Clinical Fellow in Medicine  Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Lochhead: Lyme arthritis (LA), caused by the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, usually resolves appropriately with antibiotic treatment, called antibiotic-responsive Lyme arthritis. However, in some patients, arthritis persists for months or years after spirochetal killing with oral and IV antibiotic therapy, called antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. Synovial lesions in these patients show marked synovial proliferation, inflammation, and vascularization, accompanied by autoimmune T and B cell responses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate many biological processes including inflammation, immune responses, and cell proliferation, and are effective biomarkers that may reveal molecular mechanisms of disease. Our objective here was to identify extracellular miRNAs (ex-miRNAs) in synovial fluid (SF) that distinguish regulated (responsive) from dysregulated (refractory) immune responses in Lyme arthritis, thereby providing insights into underlying biological processes and potential diagnostic biomarkers to distinguish between  these disease courses.
Author Interviews, CDC, JAMA, Lyme / 25.11.2014

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Christina Nelson, MD, MPH, FAAP Medical Epidemiologist Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Vector-Borne Diseases | Bacterial Diseases Branch Fort Collins, CO Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Nelson: Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease have been provided by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for many years. These comprehensive guidelines have been vetted by external review panels as the best option for patient care. In endemic areas, patients with the typical rash (erythema migrans) can be diagnosed with Lyme disease clinically. Otherwise, the guidelines recommend that diagnosis be based on a history of possible exposure, compatible clinical features, and positive two-tier serologic testing. Some patients who have been treated for Lyme disease may develop post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) – fatigue, arthralgias, or other symptoms that persist after completing antibiotic treatment. Although the exact cause of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome is unknown, it is thought to be due to an altered immune response or residual damage to tissues during the acute infection. A diagnosis of exclusion, PTLDS should only be diagnosed after the patient has been thoroughly evaluated and other potential causes of symptoms ruled out. On the other hand, “chronic Lyme disease” is a loosely defined diagnosis that has been used to describe a variety of ailments. A small cadre of providers use unconventional methods to diagnose patients with chronic Lyme disease, and sometimes there is no objective evidence that the patient ever had Lyme disease. Multiple factors contribute to this phenomenon, including misconceptions about serologic testing, use of unvalidated diagnostic tests, and clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease based on nonspecific symptoms alone. We know that patients have been – and continue to be – harmed by treatments for chronic Lyme disease. Patients have suffered from emboli, severe allergic reactions to antibiotics, neutropenia, and infections such as Clostridium difficile. This is terrible and should never happen. However, there is another important danger related to these alternative practices. Some patients who have been diagnosed and treated for chronic Lyme disease later discover that another condition is the root of their physical problem. We wanted to highlight some of these cases in order to help educate providers and patients about this issue.
Author Interviews, Case Western, Lyme / 22.08.2014

Daniel Salkeld, PhD Lecturer & Research Associate Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment Professor Colorado State UniversityMedicalResearch.com Interview with: Daniel Salkeld, PhD Lecturer & Research Associate Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment Professor Colorado State University Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study that were just published in Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases? Dr. Salkeld: The primary findings of this new study show that western black-legged ticks, which can transmit Lyme disease, are active throughout the year in Northwest California, making the threat of Lyme disease year-round phenomenon. More specifically, my colleagues from California Department of Public Health Vector-borne Disease Section and University of California, Berkeley and I found that the activity of Western Black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus), which are the ticks most commonly known to carry Lyme disease (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi) in Northwest California, is largely predictable and year-round. In general, tick larvae (newly hatched immature ticks) are active April to June, and sometimes activity extends into October, while adult ticks are active from October to May. Nymphal ticks (the tick stage following larvae and preceding adults) are active from January to October but peak from April-June. This is important because nymphs are responsible for most Lyme disease infections.
Author Interviews, Infections, Lyme, NEJM / 02.07.2013

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Sam R. Telford III, ScD Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA Borrelia miyamotoi Infection Presenting as Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Case Report MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study? Answer: The study presents two additional cases of BMD (Borrelia miyamotoi disease) that add to our knowledge of the spectrum of illness of this recently recognized zoonosis.  Our report of the North American index case in NEJM in January 2013 described a case-patient who was elderly and immunocompromised and it was not clear whether that case was just very unusual.  With our Annals report, we describe cases in immune-intact individuals and suggest that cases of BMD may have been under our noses all along, just presumptively diagnosed as HGA and successfully treated with doxycycline with no followup (e.g., lab confirmation of diagnosis of HGA Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis).  Hence, individuals presenting with fever, headache, myalgia, and show leukopenia and elevated LFTs may have either HGA or BMD and confirmatory testing should be done accordingly.  It should be noted that all tick borne diseases are clinical diagnoses and treatment of an acute case should not depend on "lab tests".  Both these infections are effectively managed by oral doxycycline, hence those with these signs and symptoms might be empirically treated with doxycyline, which would be important in areas where RMSF and tularemia (which also produce leukopenia and elevated LFTs) co-occur with deer tick -transmitted infections such as Lyme disease; waiting for "lab tests" to confirm RMSF or tularemia might lead to a negative outcome.  RMSF and tularemia are the most dangerous of the tick American tick borne diseases, although I would certainly place the very rare deer tick virus and Powassan virus in the same category.
Author Interviews, Infections, Lyme / 27.06.2013

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Xin Li, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Biosciences The Ohio State University 344 Veterinary Medicine Academic Building Columbus, OH 43210 MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study? Dr. Xin Li : Antibody responses to borrelial antigens that are primarily expressed during the tick phase the spirochetes’ life cycle are common in American patients with Lyme arthritis, a late-stage manifestation of Lyme borreliosis, but are rare in American patients with early-stage infection or European patients with early- or late-stage infection.
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