Author Interviews, Endocrinology, Hormone Therapy, Testosterone / 09.10.2025

Editor's note: Enclomiphene is an investigational drug that is not FDA approved. Enclomiphene must be taken under a health care provider's supervision. Enclomiphene may have significant side effects and should never be used by women,  those with liver disease or other medical conditions.  This blog and the links provided are for informational purposes only and is not specific medical advice. Products are not tested or warranted by MedicalResearch.com or Eminent Domains Inc.

Revisiting Testosterone Therapy: Is Enclomiphene the Future of Male Hormone Restoration?

Testosterone therapy has long been a key treatment for male hypogonadism, a condition marked by low testosterone and related symptoms such as fatigue, reduced libido, and loss of muscle mass. Yet, traditional testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is not without drawbacks. It can suppress natural hormone production, impair fertility, and carry cardiovascular risks. The emergence of Enclomiphene citrate, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), offers a promising alternative. Rather than replacing testosterone externally, it stimulates the body’s natural production. This shift toward physiological restoration may redefine the future of male hormone management. Male Hormone Restoration with Enclomiphene

Understanding Enclomiphene Citrate

What Is Enclomiphene Citrate?

Enclomiphene citrate is one of two isomers of clomiphene, a compound historically prescribed for female infertility. Unlike traditional TRT, which introduces external testosterone, Enclomiphene works by reactivating the body’s hormonal feedback loop. As a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), Enclomiphene blocks estrogen’s inhibitory feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. This blockage triggers increased secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), leading to enhanced testosterone production within the testes.
Endocrinology, Surgical Research, Thyroid Disease / 17.07.2025

[caption id="attachment_69570" align="aligncenter" width="500"]surgical-procedures-for-thyroid-disorders.png Picture Credit[/caption]

Introduction 

Thyroid disorders affect a lot of people across the globe. Thyroid problems can cause serious health issues if they are not treated on time. While many cases can be managed with medication, others may require surgery. Thyroid surgery is the most effective solution when the gland becomes enlarged and develops nodules.  But what kind of surgery is best?  In this post, we will explore the various types of surgical procedures for thyroid disorders. We will also explore their benefits when they are utilized and what patients can expect.
Endocrinology / 30.06.2025

[caption id="attachment_69294" align="aligncenter" width="468"]Is It Your Hormones Image source[/caption] Feeling tired all the time? Gaining weight for no reason? Breaking out like a teenager again? You might chalk these things up to stress, poor sleep, or a bad diet, but your hormones could be the real reason behind how you're feeling and looking. Hormones regulate nearly every major process in your body—from your energy levels and mood to your weight, skin, and sleep patterns. When even one of them goes out of sync, it can trigger a chain reaction that leaves you feeling off in ways you can’t always explain. The good news is, you don’t have to guess anymore. Understanding the signs of hormonal imbalance can help you take steps to fix it and feel more like yourself again. Please see your health care provider to rule out any underlying medical condition. In this article, we’ll cover the most common symptoms, what they might mean, and what you can do to bring balance back.
  1. Breakouts and Adult Acne: Not Just a Skin Problem
Acne isn’t only a teenage problem. Many adults—especially women—experience persistent breakouts well into their 30s and 40s. If your acne flares up around the jawline, chin, or lower cheeks, hormones may be the reason. Elevated androgen levels, such as testosterone, can cause the skin’s oil glands to go into overdrive, leading to clogged pores and painful blemishes. This pattern is often seen in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), where imbalanced hormones lead to both internal and visible changes. While over-the-counter skincare may offer temporary relief, the root of the issue often lies deeper. Addressing hormonal imbalances with lifestyle shifts, supplements, or medication can help regulate oil production and reduce breakouts. At the same time, med spa treatments are a powerful complement. Chemical peels exfoliate the skin and unclog pores, LED light therapy kills acne-causing bacteria, and advanced facials can calm inflammation. Together with hormone support, these treatments offer a more complete approach to clearer skin.
Endocrinology, Sexual Health / 30.04.2025

[caption id="attachment_68237" align="aligncenter" width="232"]p-shot-men's-health-ed Photo by Italo Melo[/caption] The P-Shot, a revolutionary treatment for erectile dysfunction, has garnered significant attention for its non-invasive approach, using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to enhance sexual performance. Results from the P-Shot can last anywhere from one to two years, providing long-lasting improvements for many individuals. The treatment's time frame for noticeable effects varies, with some people observing changes within a few weeks and others needing several months. For those considering this treatment, it's important to understand the benefits and limitations. Individual outcomes can largely depend on the person’s unique circumstances and health. These factors can influence not only the effectiveness of the procedure but also the expectations around it. Reviewing p-shot before and after results from real patients can provide valuable insight into the range of outcomes—some notice enhanced performance or sensitivity, while others see subtler changes. It’s also worth noting that psychological factors, underlying health conditions, and adherence to post-treatment care play a significant role. Consulting with a specialist can help clarify what’s realistic for your specific situation. Individuals exploring this option should approach it as part of a holistic approach to sexual wellness, considering ongoing lifestyle choices and health management to maximize benefits. By setting realistic expectations and maintaining open communication with healthcare providers, users can optimize their experience with the P-Shot, ensuring it aligns with their personal goals for sexual health improvement.

Key Takeaways

  • P-Shot results last one to two years.
  • Noticeable effects vary per individual.
  • Non-invasive option enhances sexual health.
Testosterone / 21.04.2025

[caption id="attachment_68078" align="aligncenter" width="500"]testosterone-total-free-lab-test Freepix image[/caption] Editor's note: Testosterone therapy is associated with the potential for serious side effects, including cardiac, prostate cancer, blood clots/polycythema, skin reactions, sleep apnea and testicular shrinkage/infertility among others. Please be sure to follow your health provider's recommendations for any treatment and followup.  Discussion below is for background information only.  Information and providers are not warranted as specific medical advice. Low testosterone, often abbreviated as "low T," is a condition that affects a significant number of men, especially as they age. Symptoms such as fatigue, mood swings, decreased libido, weight gain, and reduced muscle mass can disrupt everyday life and impact long-term health. While the condition is common, it doesn’t have to be something men  just "deal with." Thanks to modern telehealth and specialized clinics, starting testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) from the comfort of home is not only possible—it’s convenient, personalized, and highly effective.

Understanding Low Testosterone and Its Impact

Low testosterone occurs when the body produces less of the hormone than it should. Testosterone plays a vital role in male health, affecting everything from energy levels and muscle growth to mood regulation and sexual health. While aging is the most common cause, low T can also be the result of stress, injury, lifestyle choices, or certain medical conditions. Men who suffer from low T often report feeling like they’ve “lost their edge.” Fatigue can make getting through the day feel like a chore, and reduced motivation may sap productivity and enthusiasm in both personal and professional life. Relationships may be affected as libido drops and mood changes become more frequent. For many, the first signs are subtle—less drive at the gym, slower recovery after exercise, or difficulty concentrating—but they can snowball over time if left untreated.  Where busy schedules and family obligations dominate daily life, it's easy for men to push their own health to the back burner. But the longer low testosterone is ignored, the more its effects compound. Don't settle for one-size-fits-all approaches; get personalized TRT therapy in Tulsa with Craft Mens Clinic and experience a new lifestyle. Whether you're in Midtown, Broken Arrow, or South Tulsa, accessible hormone therapy is changing the way men approach their health.
Endocrinology, Hormone Therapy / 20.01.2025

Editor’s note:  There are short and long term risks of hormone therapy, including oxytocin. Hormone and supplements products may not be FDA tested or approved. All hormone therapy should be taken only under the direction of an experienced endocrinologist or medical provider. Please also remember that photos, text and illustrations on websites do not guarantee results.  Cardiovascular health is often viewed through a lens dominated by risk factors like cholesterol, blood pressure, and lifestyle choices. While these are crucial, emerging research highlights a deeper interplay between hormones and heart health. Among these, the role of oxytocin, often called the "love hormone," provides intriguing insights. However, the scope extends far beyond oxytocin, encompassing a web of hormonal influences that shape cardiovascular resilience and risk. This article explores these connections, emphasizing a more holistic understanding of heart health. [caption id="attachment_66009" align="aligncenter" width="500"]cardiovascular-health-hormones Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya[/caption]

The Hormonal Web and the Heart

The cardiovascular system is heavily influenced by hormones, which act as chemical messengers coordinating various bodily functions. Key players include adrenaline, cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and oxytocin. These hormones regulate heart rate, blood vessel dilation, inflammation, and cholesterol metabolism. While acute hormonal changes prepare the body for immediate challenges, chronic imbalances can wreak havoc on cardiovascular health. For instance, prolonged exposure to elevated cortisol levels from stress contributes to hypertension, arterial damage, and increased risk of heart attack. Understanding these hormonal dynamics is essential for developing targeted interventions that not only treat symptoms but also address the root causes of cardiovascular issues.

Cortisol: The Stress-Induced Culprit

Cortisol, often dubbed the "stress hormone," is a double-edged sword. In short bursts, it helps manage acute stress by increasing heart rate and energy availability. However, chronic stress leads to consistently elevated cortisol levels, which can:
  • Increase blood pressure by promoting sodium retention.
  • Elevate blood sugar levels, contributing to insulin resistance and diabetes—both risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
  • Encourage visceral fat accumulation, which exacerbates inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Managing stress through mindfulness practices, regular exercise, and adequate sleep is a cornerstone of reducing cortisol's harmful effects on the heart.
Endocrinology, Thyroid Disease / 19.01.2025

Thyroid issues are among the most misunderstood health conditions today. Many people are unaware of how critical the thyroid gland is to overall health and often fall victim to myths and misinformation. This can lead to delayed diagnosis, improper treatment, and worsening symptoms. This article emphasize the importance of expert diagnosis, and explore effective treatments for thyroid disorders. thyroid-gland-exam.jpg

Understanding the Thyroid Gland

What Is the Thyroid Gland?

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located at the base of the neck. Small but mighty, it produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy production, and numerous bodily functions. Despite its significance, this gland often goes unnoticed until problems arise.

Role of the Thyroid in Overall Health

The thyroid controls key processes, including heart rate, digestion, and temperature regulation. When it functions abnormally, it can throw the entire body out of balance. Disorders like hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism can significantly affect physical and mental well-being, emphasizing the need for awareness.
Endocrinology, Hormone Therapy, Legal-Malpractice / 26.12.2024

[caption id="attachment_65677" align="aligncenter" width="500"]depo-provera-side-effects.jpg Image source[/caption]   Depo-Provera, a popular injectable birth control, is widely used for its effectiveness in preventing pregnancy. Administered once every three months, it offers convenience for those seeking a long-term contraceptive solution. However, like most medical treatments, it can come with its own set of side effects, which vary from person to person. If these side effects are severe or result in complications, you may need to contact a Depo-Provera lawsuit attorney to understand your options. Please remember all medications come with side effects and not all side effects indicate malpractice. Informed consent and severity of side effects are just two of the issues that may play a role in whether a complication is a basis for a lawsuit.

Irregular Menstrual Cycles

One of the most commonly reported side effects of Depo-Provera is irregular menstrual bleeding. Some people have greater or longer bleeding, spotting in between periods, or even amenorrhea, which is the lack of menstruation altogether. While amenorrhea is often considered normal for users of this contraceptive, irregularities in menstrual patterns can sometimes cause distress or concern. It is important to track changes in menstrual cycles and consult a healthcare provider if bleeding becomes persistent or painful.
Endocrinology, Hormone Therapy, Menopause / 16.12.2024

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a treatment method that helps people with symptoms of menopause. This medication is taken to replace the estrogen that your body stops producing during menopause. Once your hormone levels rise, you may find relief from your symptoms. Hormone therapy also prevents osteoporosis and reduces the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. To know whether you should consider taking HRT is a decision that you need to discuss with your healthcare provider. Hormone-replacement-image-1 There may be risks associated with using types of hormone therapy. These risks depend on the type of HRT, the dosage, and how long it is taken. Hormone replacement therapy should be designed for each person to ensure the benefits outweigh the risks.
Endocrinology, Hormone Therapy, Testosterone, Thyroid Disease / 16.12.2024

Editor’s note:  There are short and long term risks of hormone therapy, including testosterone and growth hormone. Side effects may include but not limited to liver, heart, blood and edema side effects. All hormone therapy should be taken only under the direction of an experienced endocrinologist and medical provider. Please also remember that photos and illustrations on websites do not guarantee results. Hormonal homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable and balanced internal environment through the precise regulation of hormones. This delicate balance is essential for the proper functioning of various physiological processes, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. When this equilibrium is disrupted, it can lead to significant health issues, making the study of hormonal homeostasis critical for understanding overall human health. [caption id="attachment_65498" align="aligncenter" width="500"]hormones-endocrine Freepix[/caption] The concept of hormonal homeostasis has been explored for over a century, with early research dating back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Scientists began to recognize the importance of hormones in maintaining the body’s internal balance, leading to groundbreaking discoveries in endocrinology. Today, hormonal homeostasis continues to be a vital area of research, offering insights into how the body adapts to changes and how imbalances can contribute to disease.
Aging, Endocrinology / 09.12.2024

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones. These hormones control many vital body functions, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. As we age, the efficiency of this system declines, leading to various age-related diseases and conditions. Understanding how the endocrine system impacts longevity can help us develop strategies to live longer and healthier lives. [caption id="attachment_65393" align="aligncenter" width="358"]cortisol-endocrine-system Source[/caption]

The Role of Endocrine Health in Aging

Endocrine health is integral to aging because hormones regulate processes like cell regeneration, immune function, and energy metabolism. For example, a decline in growth hormone levels is associated with decreased muscle mass and bone density, while imbalances in insulin can lead to type 2 diabetes, a condition that significantly shortens lifespan.

The Endocrine Theory of Aging

The endocrine theory of aging posits that the aging process is largely regulated by hormones, which act as messengers coordinating various physiological processes. According to this theory, as we age, the production and regulation of hormones change, leading to the deterioration of bodily functions. For instance, the decline in growth hormone and sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone are associated with muscle wasting, reduced bone density, and increased fat accumulation—all hallmarks of aging. By understanding and potentially manipulating these hormonal changes, it might be possible to slow down or mitigate some aspects of aging.
Testosterone / 07.12.2024

Editor's note:  There are short and long term risks of TRT, including but not limited to liver, heart, blood and edema side effects. Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) should be taken only under the direction of an experienced medical provider.   Testosterone, a key hormone found in both men and women (though typically in higher levels in men), contributes to that sense of drive and well-being. Many people know testosterone for its role in muscle mass, sexual health, and mood regulation. But did you know that not all testosterone is created equal? One important aspect of this hormone is what experts call “free testosterone.” While total testosterone measures all the hormone in your body, free testosterone focuses on the portion that’s ready to act. Understanding what free testosterone does can help you gain insights into your overall health and wellness. This post will dive into what free testosterone is, why it matters, the signs of low levels, and how you might naturally support healthier hormone balance. Let’s explore the science behind this powerful hormone in a friendly, easy-to-follow way. [caption id="attachment_65368" align="aligncenter" width="333"]men's-health-testosterone Photo by Vlada Karpovich[/caption]

Defining Testosterone and Its Forms

Testosterone is an androgen hormone, often associated with men’s health, but it plays roles in women’s bodies as well. In men, most testosterone is produced in the testes; in women, it’s produced in smaller amounts by the ovaries and adrenal glands. Testosterone influences a wide range of bodily functions, including muscle growth, bone density, mood stability, libido, and even aspects of cognitive function. However, not all testosterone found in the bloodstream is available for immediate use. When you see a “total testosterone” reading on a lab test, this number includes every bit of testosterone in the bloodstream. Most of it (around 98%) is bound to proteins such as sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin. Bound testosterone is essentially “parked” and not ready to jump into action. Free testosterone, on the other hand, makes up a much smaller percentage of the total, but it’s the portion that can easily interact with cells and do its job. Understanding this distinction can help you interpret lab results more meaningfully and offer clues about your energy, drive, and overall vitality.  
Men's Health, Testosterone / 26.11.2024

Editor's note: This piece discusses suicide. If you have experienced suicidal thoughts or have lost someone to suicide and want to seek help, you can contact the Crisis Text Line by texting "START" to 741-741 or call the Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255.   Men's health has been getting more attention, thanks to advanced technology and new insights into male health problems. From hormone issues to mental health problems, men face unique struggles that need strategic solutions.  These days, treatments evolve rapidly, allowing men to feel better and live healthier lives. So, in honor of Men's Health Awareness Month, let's take a look at some of the latest treatments changing men's health. [caption id="attachment_65106" align="aligncenter" width="500"]MEN'S HEALTH Image source[/caption]

Maintaining Healthy Testosterone Levels

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) supports men with low testosterone, also called hypogonadism. Low testosterone levels can lead to fatigue, low sex drive, mood swings, and muscle loss. TRT helps boost testosterone through injections, gels, patches, or pellets.   TRT can make a major impact, bringing more energy, sharper focus, and renewed vitality. However, it must be done under medical care. Misuse can cause serious issues, like heart problems or an overload of red blood cells.   Thus, finding a local clinic that specializes in TRT is key. For example, if you're in Seattle, seek a Seattle men's health clinic that specializes in such care. With proper guidance and routine checks, TRT can renew both body and mind.  
Hormone Therapy, Legal-Malpractice / 02.11.2024

[caption id="attachment_64509" align="aligncenter" width="500"]depo-provera-compensation Image Source[/caption]   Depo-Provera, a famous contraceptive shot administered every three months, has been widely used to prevent pregnancy. While effective for many, Depo-Provera has been linked to severe side effects, including bone density loss, blood clots, and even brain tumors in rare cases. If you've experienced harmful effects from Depo-Provera, you may be qualified for a settlement for medical expenses, pain, suffering, and other damages. This guide outlines the steps and critical information to understand if you’re seeking compensation.
Fertility, Hormone Therapy, Sexual Health / 01.11.2024

[caption id="attachment_64469" align="aligncenter" width="500"]young-women-pexels Pexels Photo by APG Graphics:[/caption] Birth control or medical contraception is used for a variety of reasons, but its main role is to prevent unwanted pregnancies. There are many different types of birth control, so their function and ingredients vary. In general, they usually affect your hormones to make you unable to conceive 99% of the time. Birth control is also used to regulate hormonal imbalances, stop menstruation, or alleviate symptoms of conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Like any medication, birth control can come with some side effects, which may be mild for some and extreme for others. You and your doctor will factor in your health, medical history, potential side effects, and reproductive goals to figure out which birth control method is the best for your needs and body. When prescribed birth control, it’s important to understand common and uncommon side effects to avoid concerns and complications.
Hormone Therapy / 31.10.2024

Editor's note: This article discusses growth hormone for research purposes only.  Do no take growth hormone or endocrine supplements unless specifically directed to do so by your health care provider.  [caption id="attachment_64417" align="alignleft" width="2370"]growth hormone Source Unsplash photos[/caption] Peptides have gained increasing interest in scientific domains due to their potential to regulate various biological processes. Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2) and CJC-1295 have been of particular focus. While individually studied for their potential to modulate growth hormone release and other physiological functions, their combined implications for emerging research remain an emerging topic of interest. This article aims to explore the potential implications of a GHRP-2 and CJC-1295 blend in scientific research, particularly in fields such as metabolism, tissue regeneration, and neurological function. The blend, by engaging with endocrine and cellular pathways, may open new research avenues in understanding and manipulating growth hormone (GH) signaling, tissue repair, and metabolic integrity.
Hormone Therapy, Menopause / 04.10.2024

  Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has long been used to manage the disruptive symptoms associated with hormonal imbalances, particularly those caused by menopause in women and low testosterone in men. As the body ages, hormone levels naturally fluctuate, often leading to uncomfortable symptoms that can negatively impact one’s quality of life. HRT offers a solution by replenishing key hormones, providing relief from symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, and low energy. [caption id="attachment_63720" align="aligncenter" width="357"]middle-aged-men-women-hormone-therapy Source[/caption] Hormone replacement therapy involves supplementing the body with hormones that it no longer produces in adequate quantities. For women, this typically means replacing estrogen and progesterone, the hormones that regulate many aspects of the female reproductive system. For men, HRT usually focuses on replenishing testosterone, which naturally declines with age.   While the primary goal of HRT is to relieve symptoms, it can also improve long-term health. Estrogen, for example, helps protect against bone loss, and testosterone replacement in men can prevent muscle atrophy. But before diving into the benefits of HRT, it's important to understand why hormone levels fluctuate and how these changes affect the body.
Endocrinology, Hormone Therapy / 02.10.2024

[caption id="attachment_63716" align="aligncenter" width="500"]test-tubes-napoly-matnapo-kqrbavaf-fk-unsplash Source[/caption] Studies suggest that Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) is a peptide with profound implications for the regulation of growth and metabolic processes. This article delves into the intricate roles of GHRH, exploring its functions, potential impacts, and the complex physiological mechanisms influenced by this peptide. Overview of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) is a peptide consisting of 44 amino acids. It is primarily synthesized and secreted by the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The principal function of GHRH is believed to be to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release Growth Hormone (GH). This cascade is considered to play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions, including growth, metabolism, and tissue repair. Studies suggest that GHRH may act on the pituitary gland by binding to specific GHRH receptors located on pituitary somatotroph cells. These receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that may activate intracellular signalling pathways, ultimately leading to the secretion of GH. GH, in turn, is believed to impact numerous tissues and organs, further influencing a wide array of physiological processes.
Endocrinology, Pharmacology / 20.09.2024

Editor's note:  Consult with your medical provider beginner any form of potential hormonal regulation therapy.   The discussion below has not been FDA verified or approved and should not be construed as specific medical advice. [caption id="attachment_63387" align="aligncenter" width="500"]pharmacy pharmaceutical Source[/caption] The field of hormone regulation has evolved significantly, offering new treatments that aim to restore balance and improve overall well-being. MedicalNewsToday states that most people go through natural hormonal fluctuations at various stages of their lives. However, imbalances can emerge when the endocrine glands, which create and release hormones into the circulation, do not operate properly. These glands are distributed throughout the body, and each of them handles different organs and physical activities. As more individuals seek solutions for hormone-related issues like fatigue, weight gain, and mood swings, next-generation hormone regulation treatments are becoming increasingly popular. These innovative therapies, such as hormone pellet therapy, bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT), and peptide therapy, target specific imbalances to provide personalized solutions. These treatments offer hope for improved health, vitality, and quality of life by addressing the root causes of hormone disruptions.
Endocrinology, Exercise - Fitness, Genetic Research / 21.05.2024

As public interest in health and wellness continues to grow, so does the number of innovative trends aimed at improving physical, mental, and emotional well-being. These new trends offer accessible and effective ways to enhance lifestyle choices and promote overall health. Individuals need to stay informed about these developments to make educated decisions that align with their health goals. By embracing novel and scientifically backed wellness practices, people can significantly enhance their quality of life, finding balance and improved health through modern solutions.

1.   Digital Fitness Apps

Digital fitness apps have redefined the way people engage with personal fitness, providing tools that help users manage their health and wellness directly from their smartphones. These apps offer a range of functionalities, including personalized workout plans, step tracking, calorie counting, and even virtual coaching sessions. The integration of these features makes it easier for users to stay committed to their fitness goals, providing a convenient and adaptable approach to exercise that fits into the user's lifestyle. The benefits of digital fitness apps extend beyond simple workout assistance; they also play a crucial role in motivating users to stay active and healthy. By setting personalized goals and receiving instant feedback on progress, users can see tangible results that encourage continued effort. Additionally, many apps now offer social connectivity features, allowing users to join communities of like-minded individuals who support and inspire each other. This sense of community can be particularly motivating, making it easier for individuals to maintain a consistent fitness routine.
Author Interviews, Depression, Endocrinology, Nature / 27.08.2023

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_60804" align="alignleft" width="150"]Huizhong Whit Tao, PhDProfessor of Physiology & Neuroscience Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute Department of Physiology & Neurosience Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Dr. Huizhong Tao[/caption] Huizhong Whit Tao, PhD Professor of Physiology & Neuroscience Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute Department of Physiology & Neurosience Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California   MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Previously, we published a study in which we found that a group of neurons, namely glutamatergic neurons, in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus mediate stress-induced anxiety states. This result inspired us to explore whether the MPOA can play a more general role in mood regulation. Fluctuations in the productive hormones secreted by women’s ovaries are known to cause mood swings. In some cases, rapid changes in the secretion of ovarian hormones can cause depressive-like symptoms. Key examples are postpartum and peri-menopausal depression. In this study, we intended to test whether the MPOA can also play a part in depressive states that are linked to fluctuations in ovarian hormones.
Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Endocrinology, Fertility, Lancet, OBGYNE / 25.07.2023

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_60669" align="alignleft" width="150"]Raymond M. Anchan, MD, Ph.D.Director, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School Obstetrics/Gynecology Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital Dr. Anchan[/caption] Raymond M. Anchan, MD, Ph.D. Director, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School Obstetrics/Gynecology Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: As a reproductive endocrinologist, I have the privilege of caring for patients who unfortunately experience premature ovarian insufficiency- Some of these patients are as young as 17 yo. Additionally, a significant number of patients over the years have been reproductive age women who have breast cancer and ovarian failure from chemotherapy.  These patients have been my inspiration to try to find a treatment for them.  Since my earlier days as a neurobiologist and stem cell scientist, it was a natural course for me to seek cell-based therapies that are patient specific using autologous iPSCs.
Author Interviews, Endocrinology, Hormone Therapy, Menopause / 17.07.2023

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_60619" align="alignleft" width="92"]Jerilynn C Prior MD FRCPC (on behalf of all authorsProfessor of Endocrinology / Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research www.cemcor.ca BC Women’s Health Research Institute Vancouver BC Canada Dr. Prior[/caption] Jerilynn C Prior MD FRCPC (on behalf of all authors Professor of Endocrinology / Department of Medicine University of British Columbia Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research www.cemcor.ca BC Women’s Health Research Institute Vancouver BC Canada MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Night sweats and hot flushes/flashes (together called vasomotor symptoms, VMS) disturb women who are still menstruating (in perimenopause) are at least as much or more than  menopausal women (without flow for a year or more)1. However, although studies have investigated various treatments for perimenopausal hot flushes/flashes, none have proven effective in these women who are also likely to be having heavy flow, breast tenderness, and premenstrual symptoms related to high and variable estrogen levels. These include randomized controlled trials (RCT) of the birth control pill2, and gel estrogen in women using a progestin-releasing IUD3. Neither showed that therapy was more effective than placebo; both studied too few participants to provide a clear answer. Meanwhile, major medical organization guidelines recommend menopausal hormone therapy (MHT, usually of estrogen with a progestin) for any women younger than 60 years old who are bothered by night sweats and hot flushes 4-6. However, there are no scientific RCT studies showing MHT is effective for perimenopausal night sweats and hot flushes. Giving more estrogen to someone whose own estrogen levels are often high, also did not make clinical sense. We previously performed an RCT showing that oral micronized progesterone (progesterone) was effective for menopausal hot flushes and also improved sleep7. Given that progesterone levels in perimenopausal women are declining, we considered that perimenopausal progesterone therapy for night sweats needed testing.
Author Interviews, Biomarkers, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Diabetes, Endocrinology / 26.06.2023

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_60548" align="alignleft" width="160"]Dr. Bita Zahedi MD MAEndocrinologist Massachusetts General Hospital Dr. Zahedi[/caption] Dr. Bita Zahedi MD MA Endocrinologist Massachusetts General Hospital MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a measure of dietary advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) to investigate the role of dietary AGEs in diabetic disease processes.  AGEs are a group of highly reactive compounds involved in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications, such as microvascular disease, cardiomyopathy, and possibly bone health. AGEs form through a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and free amino groups of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, also known as a Maillard or browning reaction. Endogenous AGE formation and accumulation is a normal part of metabolism and aging, however the process of glycation can be enhanced by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and increased oxidative stress. Additionally, AGEs can be absorbed from exogenous sources via consumption of various food items. Prior studies demonstrate that skin AGEs are predictive of Dietary AGEs (dAGEs) which are naturally present in certain uncooked foods, mainly animal-derived products, furthermore the method of food preparation can result in significant AGE formation. Considering the ubiquitous intake of dAGEs, it is possible that the consumption of exogenous AGEs contribute to AGE-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and its subsequent detrimental sequalae.
Author Interviews, Endocrinology, Gender Differences, Weight Research / 16.06.2023

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_60512" align="alignleft" width="132"]FRANCESCA GALBIATI Dr. GALBIATI[/caption] Francesca Galbiati, MD Clinical/Research fellow in Endocrinology Massachusetts General Hospital MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response:  Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is a neurohormone well known for its role in water balance regulation. It promotes renal water absorption in the kidney, to maintain normal sodium levels in the blood via a tightly controlled osmotic regulation. Besides AVP classical role, data have shown that AVP effects extend beyond water balance regulation. Animal studies have shown that AVP has metabolic effects, including reducing food intake, inducing lipolysis, and promoting muscle regeneration in male mice. Furthermore, AVP is regulated differently in males and females, and affects cognition differently across sexes, a phenomenon called sexual dimorphism. However, it is unknown whether its dimorphism translates to metabolism. Also, findings on AVP metabolic role are inconsistent, possibly due to the opposing effects of AVP at different receptor subtypes, which regulation is still largely unknown. We performed this study to better investigate AVP metabolic role, and explore sex differences. We hypothesized that AVP would be positively associated with BMI, adiposity, and lean mass (acting as a signal of energy availability). We also predicted that relationships between AVP and body composition measures would differ by sex. We used the AVP area under the curve around a standardized meal to better capture repeated measures in response to food intake (that directly impacts energy availability). This also allowed to avoid the possible risk of fluctuating AVP levels due to possible pulsatile secretion.
Author Interviews, Endocrinology, Environmental Risks / 23.02.2023

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_60068" align="alignleft" width="150"]Jesse Goodrich PhDAssistant Professor Department of Population and Public Health Sciences Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Dr. Goodrich[/caption] Jesse Goodrich PhD Assistant Professor Department of Population and Public Health Sciences Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of persistent chemicals that are known to interfere with hormones and metabolism. In our previous research, we have found that PFAS exposure is associated several specific diseases, especially in children and adolescents. These include obesity, type 2 diabetes, liver disease, and even liver cancer. However, we are still only just starting to fully understand all of the health effects of the many different PFAS in existence. Previous studies have focused primarily on one or two main PFAS. However, there are over 9,000 known PFAS, and people are exposed not just to a single PFAS but to mixtures of many PFAS. Importantly, the combination of these chemical exposures may affect us differently than single exposures alone. To address this challenge, we used an innovative approach to study design to examine how exposure to PFAS impacts biological processes which may underly the development of many different diseases in adolescents and young adults. To do this, we first measured thousands of naturally occurring chemicals, known as metabolites, in people's blood. Then, using a new biostatistical method developed by our team, we identified how exposure to a mixture of several PFAS impacted each individual chemical. Finally, we used this information to determine which biological processes are changed by PFAS exposure.