MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Molly B. Conroy MD, MPHAssistant Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Clinical and Translational ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: The background for the study is the fact that middle-aged women are at high risk for being physically inactive, which puts them at higher risk for heart disease, cancer, and other chronic health problems.
We compared an interventionist-led physical activity and weight loss program delivered in coordination with primary care to a booklet that women were asked to use to exercise by themselves at home. We found that women who received the interventionist-led program had significantly greater increases in physical activity at 3 months, compared to women who received booklet. At 12 months, women who received the interventionist-led program were still more active than they were before starting the program, although the difference between the 2 groups was no longer significant.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Paula Iso-Markku, MD,
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine,
HUS Medical Imaging Center,
Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki
Helsinki , Finland
MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Iso-Markku : The social, financial and humane burden of the dementia is extensive as the worldwide prevalence of dementia is estimated around 35.6 million. Finding efficient prevention strategies for dementia is crucial. Within the past decade vascular risk factors have been recognized as very potential risk factors of dementia. As physical activity is known to affect vascular risk factors, it might also be a potential preventive tool against dementia. Few comprehensive epidemiological studies on physical activity in middle age and dementia occurrence later in life have been conducted.
The comprehensive Finnish Twin Study offers a unique approach to the subjects as the shared growing up environment and genes can be taken into account. The study population is extensive and a good representation of the Finnish population. In this study the association of physical activity in adulthood and dementia mortality was investigated in a 29-year follow-up.
The main finding in this study was that persistent vigorous (i.e. more strenuous than walking) physical activity was significantly associated with lower dementia mortality. The results in the paired analysis, comparing twins to co-twins, were similar but remained non-significant. The analyses of the volume of physical activity were, however, controversial.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Xuemei Sui, MD, MPH, PhD
Assistant Professor Department of Exercise Science
Graduate Director Division of Health Aspects of Physical Activity
Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Sui: Previous studies have established that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), an indicator of regular physical activity, and body compositions with higher fat mass serve as risk factors for cardiovascular disease and predictors of deaths related to cardiovascular disease. These studies have examined long-term trends of fatness (i.e., body fat) and cardiorespiratory fitness in children, adolescents and men, but few have looked at these factors in female populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate secular change of cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition during 35 years in a large sample of women enrolled in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study.
13 037 women aged 20 to 64 were enrolled in our study from January first, 1970, through December 31st, 2004. We divided our participants into 2 age groups, and divided 35 years into 7 time groups. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by maximal treadmill testing using a modified Balke protocol, and the percentage of body fat was assessed by hydrostatic weighing or the sum of 7 skinfold measures, following standardized protocols. According to percent body fat, we divided body composition into fat mass and fat free mass.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Sui: The data showed that body mass index (BMI) increased over the 35-year period even though cardiorespiratory fitness levels rose as well. By looking at the body composition of the participants along with their BMIs, the researchers were able to observe that their body fat did not increase. This finding suggests that the weight gains that led to higher BMIs over time were not necessarily comprised of body fat. Participants may have been putting on muscle mass due to their increased physical activity, as indicated by their higher cardiorespiratory fitness.
Another interesting finding was that when leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) reaches 668.5 MET min/wk, cardiorespiratory fitness stays at a higher level. So in order to improve cardiorespiratory fitness for physically inactive women, we should encourage them to meet this level. The drift downward in cardiorespiratory fitness among women indicates the need for continuing efforts to promote their physical activity and fitness.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Sarah Hanson
Norwich Medical School
University of East Anglia
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: Physical inactivity is a global problem. Walking is an easy way to increase physical activity. One way to increase physical activity may be through the use of outdoor walking groups. Walking groups are increasingly popular but until now we have not known if there are wider health benefits from walking groups, apart from increasing physical activity.
Medical Research: What was the study method?Response: A systematic review and meta-analysis of outdoor walking group interventions found 42 studies which met the eligibility criteria. These studies involved 1,843 participants in 14 countries doing approximately 74,000 hours of walking.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Philipe de Souto Barreto (PhD)
Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse)
Gérontopole of Toulouse - Head of Department: Prof Bruno Vellas
Medical...
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Liana Machado PhD
Department of Psychology Brain Health Research Centre
University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response:A large body of data indicates links between chronic physical activity levels and cognitive performance in healthy populations. Although the bulk of evidence comes from studies in older adults, a number of studies have established links in children and in young adults. However, the mechanisms supporting the exercise-cognition links have remained unclear. Finding from an earlier study of ours, published in the journal Neuropsychology, pointed toward cerebrovascular factors as potentially important. In our new study in Psychophysiology, we found evidence suggesting that higher oxygen availability in the brain is one of the cerebrovascular factors that helps support better cognitive performance in people who exercise more regularly, thus providing important insight toward understanding why cognitive performance improves with regular exercise.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
David Alter, MD, PhD FRCPC Senior Scientist
Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences
Research Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Program Toronto Rehabilitation Institute
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Alter: We knew going into the study that exercise was an important lifestyle factor that improved health. We also knew from studies that sedentary time was associated with deleterious health-effects. What we didn’t know was whether the health-outcome effects of sedentary time and exercise were really one and the same (i.e., albeit opposite ends of the same spectrum) or alternatively, whether the health effects of each were independent of one another. We explored over 9000 published studies to quantify the health-outcome effects associated with sedentary behaviour and extracted only those which took into account both sedentary time and exercise. We found a consistent association between sedentary time and a host of health outcomes independent of exercise. Specifically, after controlling for an individual’s exercising behaviour, sitting-time was associated with a 15-20% higher risk of death, heart-disease, death from heart disease, cancer-incidence, and death from cancer. Sitting time was also independently associated with a marked (i.e., 90% increase) in the risk for diabetes after controlling for exercise. In short, sedentary times and exercise are each independently associated with health outcomes. We hypothesize that the two may have different mechanism, and may require different therapeutic strategies. But, the health-outcome implications of both are each important in their own right.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Scott M. Hayes, Ph.D. Associate Director
Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center
Memory Disorders Research Center
VA Boston Healthcare System
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
Boston University School of Medicine
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Hayes: Studies with rodents have demonstrated that physical activity positively impacts memory, whereas human studies have tended to emphasize a relationship with executive function—which refers to one’s ability to plan, organize, and manipulate information in one’s mind. To clarify the relationship between fitness, cognition, and aging, we directly assessed cardiorespiratory fitness (heart and lung function) using the gold standard in the field, a graded treadmill test, and assessed both memory and executive functions in young and older adults. Our results showed that cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with memory and executive functions in older adults, but not young adults. In fact, on tests of executive functions, older adults with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness performed as well as younger adults. The impact of cardiorespiratory fitness may be age-dependent. Young adults, who are at their peak in terms of memory performance, may exhibit minimal associations with cardiorespiratory fitness. In contrast, cardiorespiratory fitness likely has a larger impact in older adults by attenuating age-related decline in memory.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Rania Mekary, MS, Ph.D.
Harvard School of Public Health
Nutrition Department
Boston, Ma 02115
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Mekar: Findings on weight training and waist circumference (WC) change have been controversial. Moreover, a lot of people focus on aerobic and only aerobic workout... They are not to be blamed because aerobic workout (e.g. jogging) relies mostly on fat as a source of energy while anaerobic workout (e.g. resistance) relies mostly on carbohydrates. Our study, however, showed that resistance training over the long-term was the most inversely associated with waistline change (aka abdominal fat), even more than aerobic exercise. We also justified physiologically why it is the case... It has to do with the greater Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) as compared with aerobic training and also to the muscle adaptation and its increase in mitochondria which leads to more lipid oxidation upon engaging in anaerobic workout over the long-term. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Carl "Chip" Lavie MD, FACC
Medical Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention
Director, Exercise Laboratories
John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute
Professor of Medicine
Ochsner Clinical School-UQ School of Medicine
Editor-in-Chief, Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
Medical Research: What are the key points of your editorial?Dr. Lavie:
1) The importance of higher fitness to predict a lower rate of developing Heart Failure;
2) improvements in fitness over time predict a lower rate of developing Heart Failure, and
3) Once Heart Failure develops, higher fitness predicts a more favorable prognosis.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Lauren Marie Sparks, PhD
Faculty Scientist at the Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes
Florida Hospital and the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute Orlando, FL
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Sparks: As a clinical scientist focused on exercise effects on muscle metabolism in diabetes, I have seen first-hand a significant minority of individuals with diabetes not improve their glucose control (HbA1c) after 9 months of supervised exercise. They poured their hearts out on those treadmills 3-4 days a week for 9 months and still ended up no better than when they started. I have also seen similar data from some of my colleagues’ studies. So I really want diabetes research to invest the intellect and dollars into discovering what these roadblocks are—I happen to believe it is in the DNA (genetics) and the way that DNA is “read” or expressed (epigenetics). So it’s a bit of a ‘call to action’ for researchers to start looking into some of their data to find these people and better understand this phenomenon and for hopefully the funding sources to recognize this as a viable area of research.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Prof. Francesca Mallamaci
Professor of Nephrology
Head of the Hypertension Unit at the Department of Nephro-Urology, CNR-IBIM Research on Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Mallamaci: It is well known that physical activity is beneficial both in normal individuals and in patients with heart failure which represent a high risk category of patients. We have scanty information about physical activity in dialysis patients. So the aim of our study was to test the effectiveness of a low-intensity, easy to implement, home exercise program on physical performance in about 300 dialysis patients in a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial (EXCITE, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01255969). What we found in our study was that dialysis patients who performed exercise improved their physical performance and this was documented by 2 well known and validated performance tests such as the Six Minute Walking Test and the Sit-to-stand-to sit test. We found also that after 2 year follow-up dialysis patients who were in the active exercise arm had a lower rate of hospitalization and a trend to a better survival, compared to dialysis patients in the control arm of the study. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com: Interview Invitation
Dr. Wenji Guo
University of Oxford
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?Response: Previous studies report increased risk for breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have a higher Body Mass Index (BMI) – a measure of body fat based on height and weight. However, BMI is unable to distinguish between excess weight due to fat rather than muscle. More direct measures of fatness, such as body fat percentage, may be better indicators of disease risk. And although probable evidence for the relationship between physical activity and breast cancer now exists, questions still remain over the role of vigorous compared to lower intensity physical activity.
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MedicalResearch.com: Comments from
Virpi Kuvaja-Köllner and her team:
Project manager, teacher, M.Sc. (Health Economics), PhD Student
University of Eastern Finland
Faculty of Social Sciences and Business Studies
Department of Health and Social Management
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?Response: As we all know insufficient physical activity (PA) is associated with an increased risk of various chronic diseases and increases in health care expenditure. However, there are some economic evaluation studies related to physical activity interventions that have proved some of those interventions can offer “good value for money”. Unfortunately, most of these studies have focused on interventions at the individual or patient group level. It is easy to notice that there is a lack of studies related to cost-effectiveness of physical activity interventions at the population level. Somehow this is controversial because the need to increase physical activity in the population is urgent and the public funding for health care and other services is tighter than ever. We should remember that if we can increase physical activity among large population groups, especially among those whoare physically inactive, it might also have an impact on our healthcare costs.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Paul D. Loprinzi, PhD
Center for Health Behavior Research
Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management
The University of Mississippi, University, MS.
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Loprinzi: COPD not only induces inflammation in the lung, but systemic inflammation as well. Therefore, individuals with COPD are at an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease as a result of increased systemic inflammation. Physical activity has been shown to reduce systemic inflammation in the general population, but the association between physical activity and systemic inflammation among those with COPD is less established. Our study demonstrated that individuals with COPD who were more active had less systemic inflammation than those who were less active.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Professor Emrah Düzel
Director, Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, OvG Univ. Magdeburg, Germany
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience
University College London
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Professor Düzel:We found that even in old age, intensive and long-term (3 months) aerobic exercise can improve blood flow in the hippocampus, a brain structure that is of critical importance for memory. The increase in blood flow is evident during a resting state and this means that the exercise improves the overall perfusion of the hippocampus. Such effects had previously only been reported in young adults. As previously observed in young adults, the change in blood flow after exercise is related to the improvement of specific memory skills. We found the closest relationship between improved blood flow and recognition memory for complex objects. This is interesting because this type of memory is likely to benefit from “pattern separation”, a process that in animal studies of exercise is tightly associated with hippocampal neurogenesis.
However, we also found that the exercise-related improvement in hippocampal blood flow and in recognition memory was absent in the older seniors of our study cohort. Those who were beyond 70 did not show any improvement. We reasoned that this may have been due to higher levels of stress in the older seniors. Therefore, we investigated whether elevated serum cortisol levels dampened the benefits of exercise in the older seniors. But this was not the case making it unlikely that stress levels can account for these findings.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Elvira Cicognani PhD
Department of Psychology
School of Psychology and Education, University of Bologna
Piazza Aldo Moro, 90 - Cesena, Italy -
Viale Berti Pichat, 5 - Bologna, Italy
Medical Research:What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Cicognani:The study is part of a larger project of the Italian National Transplant Center (Centro Nazionale Trapianti, CNT), started in 2008, in collaboration with Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Studi Isokinetic, University of Bologna, Cimurri Impresa e Sport and Patients’ associations. The general aim is to encourage transplant patients to practice physical activity and even sport activity, in view of its benefits in enhancing recovery and quality of life after transplantation.
In this study we assessed Health-related quality of life on 118 active kidney transplant patients practicing different sports at low to moderate intensity and compared them with those of 79 sedentary kidney transplant patients and with 120 active healthy control subjects.
Active transplant patients reported higher levels of quality of life than sedentary patients on most dimensions of quality of life and similar to active healthy controls. In brief, practicing sports may allow patients to achieve a level of quality of life similar to the general population of active individuals.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Jinjin Zheng Selin, MSc
Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology
Institute of Environmental Medicine
Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Response: Our results suggest that higher levels of total physical activity, especially in the long-term, as well as specific types of physical activity including walking/bicycling and work/occupational activity, may be associated with decreased risk of age-related cataract among middle-aged and elderly women and men. On the other side, high levels of leisure time inactivity may be associated with increased risk of cataract.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview Invitation with:Dr. Yann C Klimentidis, PhD
Assistant professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health
University of Arizona Medical Center
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Klimentidis:The main finding is that the association of physical activity with type-2 diabetes risk is weakest among those who are at high genetic risk for type-2 diabetes. Furthermore, we find that this trend is stronger among women as compared to men, and that it appears to be driven mainly by genetic risk to insulin resistance, as opposed to genetic risk for reduced beta-cell function.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Associate Professor Dafna MeromPh.D
Physical Activity and Health
University of Western Sydney
Penrith NSW Australia
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Merom:In a cohort of 1667 older Australian men (mean age 76.8 years) data on incident falls were collected every four months by telephone interview. We compared the rate of falling over 48 months of follow-up of men who participated in golf, Calisthenics, lawn balls, aerobic machines and swimming. We found that only swimming was associated with 33% reduction in falls occurrence. We also found that swimmers performed better on balance tests in our baseline measurements. In particular on the postural stability test and for those whose leisure activity was only swimming, apart from walking and other lifestyle activities.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Pietro Manuel Ferraro, MD PhD Candidate
Division of Nephrology
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
Rome Italy
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Ferraro: We analyzed the association between physical activity and energy intake and the risk of developing kidney stones in three large cohorts of U.S. health professionals. The 215,133 participants included did not have any history of kidney stones when follow-up began. During 20 years of follow-up, 5,355 of them developed a kidney stone. Initially, we found that participants with higher physical activity levels had a reduced risk of developing stones in two of the three cohorts. However, after accounting for a number of factors that could potentially confound the association such as age, body mass index and dietary intake, the association was no longer significant. Similarly, energy intake was not associated with a reduced risk of developing kidney stones. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Tuomo Tompuri, MD
Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine
Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Tompuri: Measures of the cardiorespiratory fitness should be scaled by lean mass instead of body weight, while aiming to enable comparison between the subjects. Our result is physiologically logical and confirms earlier observations of the topic. Scaling by body weight has been criticized, because body fat, per se, does not increase metabolism during exercise. We did observe that scaling by body weight introduces confounding by adiposity.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Prof. Bin He M.S. Ph.D
University of Minnesota’s College of Science and Engineering
Director of the University’s Institute for Engineering in Medicine.
MedicalResearch: What are the main findings of the study?Prof. He: It is found that people with long term mind body awareness training including yoga and meditation can learn much faster and better the brain-computer interface skills to control a computer cursor by their minds.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Eero Haapala, MSc in Exercise Medicine, BASc PhD student
University of Eastern Finland,School of Medicine
Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology
Kuopio, Finland
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?
Answer: Our study is one of the first studies to investigate the different types of physical activity and sedentary behavior with academic achievement in children. Our main finding was that children who were more physically active during school recess were better readers in Grades 1-3 than less active children. We also found a direct relationship between physically active school transportation, which was mainly walking and cycling, and reading skills in boys. These findings suggest that particularly physical activity within a school day benefits academic achievement and that physical activity benefit academic achievement more in boys than in girls 6-8 years of age.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Saurabh S. Thosar, Ph.D.,
Postdoctoral Researcher
Oregon Institute for Occupational Health Sciences,
Oregon Health & Science University
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Thosar:We discovered that 3 hours of sitting leads to an impairment in shear rate and an impairment in femoral artery endothelial function. When systematic breaks are added in the sitting time the shear rate and the endothelial function are preserved.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with Marco Perez, MD
Instructor in Cardiovascular Medicine
Director, Inherited Cardiac Arrhythmia Clinic
Stanford University Medical Center
Cardiac Electrophysiology & Arrhythmia Service
Stanford, CA 94305-5233
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Perez: It was already known that obesity is an important risk factor for atrial fibrillation. We studied over 80,000 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative who were followed for the onset of atrial fibrillation, an irregular heart rhythm associated with stroke and death. We found that those who exercised more than 9 MET-hours/week (equivalent to a brisk walk of 30 minutes six days a week) were 10% less likely to get atrial fibrillation than those who were sedentary. Importantly, the more obese the women were, the more they benefited from the exercise in terms of atrial fibrillation risk reduction.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Dr Ellen Flint, BA MSc PhD, Research Fellow
Department of Social & Environmental Health Research
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Tavistock Place, London
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Flint: Men and women who commuted to work by cycling, walking or public transport had significantly lower BMI and percentage body fat than their car-using counterparts. This was the case despite adjustment for a range of factors which may affect both body weight and commuting mode preference (e.g. limiting illness, age, socioeconomic position, sports participation and diet). The differences were of a clinically meaningful magnitude. For example, compared to car users, men who commuted via active or public transportation modes were on average 1 BMI point lighter. For the average man in the sample this would equate to a difference in weight of almost half a stone (3kg).
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr Sylvie Mesrine, Gynecologist, MD
Inserm, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population
Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team,
Villejuif, France.
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Answer:We wanted to disentangle the effect of recent physical activity (within the
previous four years) from the effect of past physical activity (5-9 years
earlier) on postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Our most important finding
was that recreational/transport physical activity (including walking,
cycling and engaging in other sports), even of modest intensity, seemed to
have a rapid impact on breast cancer risk: it was quite rapidly associated
with a decrease in breast cancer risk, which was however attenuated when
activity stops. To our knowledge, our study is the first to independently
assess the association between breast cancer risk and recreational physical
activity both 5 to 9 years earlier and within the previous 4 years.
Furthermore, the association of recent recreational physical activity and
breast cancer risk decrease was observed whatever the recent levels of
gardening or do-it yourself activities.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Kristian Karstoft MD
The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and The Centre for Physical Activity ResearchDepartment of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet
Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Karstoft:Four months of Interval-walking training (IWT; five sessions/week, one hour/session) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus maintained insulin secretion, improved insulin sensitivity index and disposition index in opposition to energy-expenditure and time-duration matched continuous walking training (CWT).
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: James Fisher BSc (Hons) MSc PGCLT(HE)
Senior Lecturer Sports Conditioning and Fitness
IFBB Certified Weight Training Prescription Specialist
Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science
Faculty of Business, Sport and Enterprise
Southampton Solent University, Southampton
Medical Research: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: The study reports that pre-conceived ideas about exercise order, and rest intervals are not substantiated by evidence, and that advanced training routines such as pre-exhaustion appear to induce no greater strength adaptations than simpler training methods. Ultimately, that a single set of each exercise performed at a repetition duration which maintains muscular tension is all that is necessary to induce significant increases in strength in even trained persons.
(more…)
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