MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Dr. Emanuele Cereda
Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo
Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, ItalyMedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Cereda: A large analysis of more than 100 studies shows that exposure to pesticides, or bug and weed killers, and solvents is likely associated with a higher risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.
MedicalResearch.com: Were any of the findings unexpected?Dr. Cereda: In first instance I can say no as in every day clinical practice we frequently see patients reporting such exposure. Accordingly, it appears quite obvious to look at these exposures as risk factors. Unfortunately, from an epidemiologic point of view this is not enough! That's why we did this study. Amazing rather than surprising was the fact that commonly the sources of funding in the studies we retrieved and included in meta-analysis were health or health-related institutions, private foundations (mainly Parkinosn’s disease foundations), or government or para-government companies. No study acknowledged the involvement of any chemicals manufacturer!
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Timothy J. Daskivich, MD
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars®
University of California Los Angeles
Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research
10940 Wilshire Blvd, 7th Floor Suite 710, Room 721
Los Angeles, California 90024
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study? Were any of the findings unexpected?Dr. Daskivich: We found that age and a simple count of comorbidities were strongly predictive of likelihood of dying of causes other than prostate cancer. When we put numbers to it, it was surprising how often older men with multiple comorbidities were dying of something else than their prostate cancer within 14 years of diagnosis. For example, a 75-year old man with 3 or more comorbidities—diabetes, high blood pressure, and history of heart attack—had a probability of death from something other than CaP of 71% at 10 years. For a 71-year old man with 3 or more comorbidities, the probability was 60%. We compared that to the amount of time they were dying of prostate cancer, which was 3% for low-risk disease and 7% for intermediate-risk disease.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Iris Shai, RD, PhD
PI of the DIRECT trial
Ben Gurion University of the Negev,
Israel
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Shai: Low-carbohydrate is as effective as Mediterranean or low-fat diets in improving renal function among moderately obese participants with or without type 2 diabetes, with baseline serum creatinine<176µmol/L (not sever renal stage). The effect is likely to be mediated by weight-loss induced improvements in insulin sensitivity and blood pressure.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with:Dr. Jane L Lynch MD
School of Medicine
Pediatrics
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Lynch: American youth with type 2 diabetes who received the best currently available treatment and close monitoring of their diabetes experienced a more rapid progression of co-morbidities far more aggressive than what is typically seen in adults with type 2 diabetes.
MedicalResearch.com: Were any of the findings unexpected?Dr. Lynch: Youth with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the TODAY study developed early and rapidly progressing signs of heart and kidney disease, poor glycemic control and diabetes-related eye disease; even in the group receiving more intensive two-drug therapy, shown in previously released results to be the most effective treatment for maintenance of glycemic control.
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John D. Mathews, MBBS, MD, PhD, DSc Hon, DMedSc Hon,
Professor of epidemiology at the School of Population and Global Health,
University of Melbourne,
Carlton, Victoria, AustraliaCancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million AustraliansMedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Prof Mathews:We found that for persons having at least one CT scan before the age of 20 years, and followed for an average period of 10 years, the average risk of cancer was increased by 24% compared with unexposed persons matched for age, sex and year of birth. The cancer risk increased by 16% for each CT scan that preceded the cancer by more than one year. The proportional increase in risk was greater for persons exposed at younger ages.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Muhammad Mamdani
Director, Applied Health Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital
Scientist in the Keenan Research Centre of the Li...
MedicalResearch.com eInterview with: Stefan Worgall Ph.D., M.D
Department of Genetic Medicine and 4Department of Pediatrics
Weill Cornell Medical College,
New York, NY 10021, USA.MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Worgall: Asthma is a common disease and large genome-wide association studies found variation in the gene for ORMDL3, in to up to 30 percent of asthma cases. The over-production ORMDL3 was connected to childhood asthma. ORMDL3 protein inhibits the new production of sphingolipids. Our study connects sphingolipid metabolism mechanistically to human asthma for the first time. We found that inhibition of the enzyme that is critical to sphingolipid synthesis, serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase (SPT), produced asthmatic lungs in mice and in human bronchi, as it did in mice that had a genetic defect in SPT. When these mice were given methacholine their airways constricted further. We further determined that the airway hyperactivity seen in the mice was not linked to increased inflammation, which is a target for most asthma therapies.
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MedicalResearch.com Authors’ Interview: Sophie Rousseaux and Saadi Khochbin
INSERM, U823; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1; Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble F-38700, France.
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: We first discovered that all cancer cells lose the ability to maintain gene silencing and therefore activate genes that should normally remain silent. Although present in all cells, some genes are normally expressed (or “active”) only in one cell type. For example, normal lung cells do not express genes that are only active in germ cells (i. e., cells that will become spermatozoa), but lung cancerous cells activate some of these germ cells-specific genes. In this work we designed a specific approach to detect these aberrant gene expressions and found that they occur in all cancers of all origins.
We then decided to exploit this phenomenon to help the detection of cancers and predict their evolution. For this purpose, we chose to focus on lung cancer to establish “a proof of principle”.
We found that, among all the genes wrongly expressed in the tumour cells, the activation of 26 of them enabled us to identify the most aggressive lung cancers. Compared with the existing information currently available for doctors (i.e.; tumour size, its pathological subtype…), our approach brings much more precision in predicting the evolution of the tumours and the prognosis of the patients.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with
Dr. William A. Bauman, MD
Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development
National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury
Suite 7A-13, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center
130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468;
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Bauman: In a prospective, randomized two-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, intention-to-treat clinical trial, we determined whether SCI in-patients with a full thickness (Stage III or IV) pressure ulcers of the pelvic region who received 24 weeks or less of optimized clinical care and an oral anabolic steroid agent, oxandrolone, have a greater percent of healed target pressure ulcers than those who received placebo and the same clinical care. There was no significant difference in proportion of pressure ulcers that healed between the treatment and placebo groups [treatment recipients 24.1% (95% CI, 16.0% to 32.1%) and placebo recipients 29.8% (CI, 21% to 38.6%) with a difference, -5.7 percentage points (CI, -17.5 to 6.8 percentage points)]. Also, the rate of healing of wounds at 28 days was not significantly different between the groups (50.9% of the oxandrolone group and 43.3% of the placebo group had healing of ≥30.0%), nor was the number of wounds that remained closed at 8 weeks significantly different (16.7% of the oxandrolone group and 15.4% of the placebo group). No serious adverse events were related to drug administration but a significantly greater proportion of patients had elevated liver enzymes in the treatment group [treatment recipients 32.4% (95% CI, 23.6% to 41.2%) and placebo recipients 2.9%% (CI, 0.0% to 6.1%).
Thus, oxandrolone showed no benefit over placebo for improving healing of chronic pressure ulcers of the pelvic region or the proportion that remained closed after 8 weeks of treatment.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Luis Beck-da-Silva, MD, ScD
Cardiology Division, Heart Failure Clinic
Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Sala...
Dr. Rishi Gupta, MDAssociate Professor of Neurology, Neurosurgery and RadiologyEmory University School of Medicine
Director, Vascular Neurology Fellowship Program
Director, Multi-Hospital Acute Stroke Network
Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center
Grady Memorial Hospital
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Gupta: The main findings of this study are that patients with more proximal cerebral arterial occlusion involving the middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery appear to be the targets for endovascular reperfusion therapy trials. Moreover, previous clinical trials have used a NIHSS > 8 or > 10 threshold to include patients into randomzed trials comparing endovascular therapy versus IV tPA. The threshold may need to be higher and in our analysis we found that threshold to be 14 or greater.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with: Christopher J Lindsell, PhD
Vice Chair for Research, Department of Emergency Medicine
Director of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Research Design,
Center for Clinical...
MedicalResearch.com eInterview with:Linden Oliver, MA, Clinical Research Coordinator
University of Pennsylvania Behavioral Sleep Medicine Research Program Philadelphia, Pa
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer:We found that less sleep is associated with greater suicide risk in those with insomnia. Specifically, we looked at suicide risk in people with insomnia, and also asked how much sleep they got in the past month. In those with some suicide risk, the likelihood of being high risk (versus low risk) decreased by 72% for every hour of sleep that person reported getting at night.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with:Mary Scourboutakos
PhD student at the University of Toronto
Mary R. L'Abbe, PhD
Earle W. McHenry Professor, and Chair, Department of Nutritional Sciences
Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Rm 315
Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: We found that chain restaurant meals on average contained half a day's worth of calories, almost a full day's worth of fat and saturated fat, and more than a day's worth of sodium.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Author Peter S. Creticos, M.D. (corresponding author)
Dr. Creticos' Comments:
This paper reports the first successful randomized, double-blind, pivotal trial of sublingual immunotherapy with a ragweed tablet. The relevance of this lies in the recognition that ragweed is the dominant seasonal allergen in North America (~26% of US population is allergic to this noxious weed which pollinates from early August to early October). An alternate (sublingual) approach to immunotherapy for allergic respiratory disease would be a welcome addition to our armamentarium, as the current mode of treatment in the U.S., that of subcutaneous injection immunotherapy, is saddled with a burdensome injection regimen that requires frequent office visits over a 4-5 year course of treatment.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Jane C Khoury, PhD
Associate Professor
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
MLC 5041, 3333 Burnet Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039
MedicalResearch.com:What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Khoury: Over all age groups, those with diagnosed diabetes have at least 3-fold increased risk of incident ischemic stroke compared to those without diabetes. This is even more pronounced in those less than 65 years of age, with 5-fold and 12-fold increase for those of black and white race respectively. All rates are adjusted to the 2000 population.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Luca Weltert, MD
Cardiac Surgery Department of the European Hospital in Rome,
Presentation during the Plenary Scientific Session of the
93rd AATS Annual Meeting in Minneapolis.
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Luca Weltert:This study illustrates the efficacy of Human Recombinant Erythropoietin (HRE) in avoiding blood transfusions in the heart surgery setting. And aside from complicated number, tables and statistics tells that HRE can reduce Blood Transfusions as much as 65%, while at the same time not exposing patients to any substantial added risk.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Annette Langer-Gould, MD, PhD
From the Department of Research and Evaluation Kaiser Permanente,
Southern California, Pasadena; and Neurology Department
Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Los Angeles Medical Center, CA.
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Langer-Gould: The main findings of the study were that multiple sclerosis is more common in black women than in white women, which run contrary to the widely accepted belief that blacks are less susceptible to MS. In particular, we found that black patients had a 47 percent higher risk of MS than white patients, while Hispanic and Asian patients had a 50 percent and 80 percent lower risk compared to white patients, respectively. We also found that 70 percent of MS cases occurred in females, but this preponderance of females diagnosed was more pronounced among black patients than white patients. In addition, black women had a higher incidence of MS than white patients of both genders, while black men had a similar risk of being diagnosed with MS compared to white men. The lower risk among Hispanic and Asian patients was true for both sexes.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Dr. Waël C. Hanna
University of Toronto departments of Thoracic Surgery and Diagnostic Radiology,
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Hanna: By using Minimal Dose CT Scan (MnDCT) for surveillance of patients after lung cancer resection, we can detect 94.2% of recurrent or new lung cancer in this patient population. When we use chest x-ray (CXR) to conduct surveillance on the same cohort of patients, we can only detect 21.1% of new or recurrent lung cancer cases. Therefore, while MnDCT scan subjects the patient to a similar effective dose of radiation as CXR (0.2 mSV vs. 0.16 mSv), it is a vastly superior test for follow-up of this high risk population. More importantly, when we use MnDCT for surveillance, we can detect new or recurrent lung cancer at the asymptomatic locoregional stage in 78% of patients, and there quarters of those patients are candidates for further treatment in the form of surgery or radiation. In the patients who were treated, median survival was 69 months after initial operation, versus 25 months in those who received no treatment.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with with Dr. O. James Ekundayo, MD, DrPHAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Family & Community Medicine Meharry Medical College 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd. Nashville, TN 37208 Written Interview conducted with author by Editor Marie Benz, MDMedicalResearch.com What are the main findings of the study?Answer: The key findings are:
· One third of stroke patients did not activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS).
· Subgroups of patients who were less likely to use EMS include younger patients, patients of minority race or ethnicity, and those living in rural communities.
· Prior history of stroke /TIA does not confer greater likelihood of EMS activation during subsequent stroke.
· Patients who used EMS had shorter pre-hospital and in-hospital delay. They arrived early, had prompter evaluation, and received more rapid treatment.
· More patients, who were eligible for clot-busting drug, received them.
These happened because EMS gives the receiving hospital pre-notification about the arrival of the patient and the ER staff is ready to act as soon as the patient arrives.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Christian Löw, Ph.D.
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Karolinska Institutet
SE-171 77 Stockholm Sweden
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Löw: In order to grow, cells need fuels such as sugars. Specialized proteins that reside in the cell envelope transport these nutrients into the cell; XylE is a bacterial transport protein that is highly similar to members of the human GLUT transporters. Our study describes for the first time the mechanistic details of how cells import sugars by resolving the different steps of the transport cycle at almost atomic resolution. Tumors are especially dependent on the uptake of sugars and other nutrients via these transporter systems in order to be able to grow rapidly. A possible strategy for cancer treatment therefore would be to block these transporters in the cell membrane, thus starving out and killing the cancer cells. Our structures can be used for initial structure based drug design studies to develop efficient and specific inhibitors against members of the GLUT family. We believe that our detailed mechanistic insights could become the basis for new strategies to fight cancer cells.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Professor David McDonald Taylor
Emergency Department, Austin Health
PO Box 5555, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: Overall, obese and non-obese patients have similar experiences during their ED stay. However, while obese patients tend to be younger and less sick, their more frequent presentation with potentially cardiac-related disease is reflected in their management. The excess of liver function tests and abdominal xrays performed on obese patients is likely to reflect examination difficulties and over investigation. Obese patients do experience more attempts at IV cannulation.
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MedicalResearch.com: Dr. Kyoung-bok Min
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: The aim of this study was to investigate the prospective association of serum C-peptide with all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease mortality in a non-diabetic population. We also estimated the observed mortality as C-peptide increased across the strata of glycated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose. We found a linear association between serum C-peptide levels and death from all-cause and cause-specific mortality among adults without non-diabetes mellitus at baseline. Our finding suggests that elevated C-peptide levels may be a marker of subsequent mortality in non-diabetic subjects. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com eInterview with
Satya Krishna Ramachandran MD FRCA
Director, Quality Assurance
Department of Anesthesiology
University of Michigan
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the...
This interview content is written by Dr Dae-Kyu Song, the corresponding and responsible author of the manuscript shown at “Park, Jae-Hyung et al.(2013).
Green tea extract with polyethylene glycol-3350 reduces body weight and improves glucose tolerance in db/db and high-fat diet mice.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology. DOI 10.1007/s00210-013-0869-9“.
Dr Jae-Hyung Park is the first author of the manuscript and a graduate student
of Dr. Dae-Kyu Song
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: At doses which could be achieved by drinking green tea on a daily basis, it has been known that green tea extract (GTE) inhibits intestinal glucose and lipid absorption when it is present in the intestinal tract. It is a reason why green tea consumption has been known to be beneficial for controlling obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, we have found that, after the intestinal absorption of GTE itself, the circulating GTE can elevate blood glucose levels by blocking cellular glucose uptake in most tissues, thereby limiting glucose utilization of the tissues. Therefore, we have tried to prolong the residence time of GTE in the intestine and block the intestinal absorption of GTE, by adding non-toxic polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) to GTE. As a result, in 4 week treatment, the GTE+PEG regimen dramatically helps obesity-induced diabetic mice lose body weight and ameliorate glucose intolerance. Interestingly, GTE alone is without any effect.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Dr. Sara Gianella Weibel, M.D.
Center For Aids Research (CFAR)
University of California San Diego
La Jolla CA, 92093-0679
Email: [email protected]MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study? Answer: In this study we evaluated a large number of seminal samples from HIV-infected sexually active gay men treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) using an extensive battery of tests for viral and bacterial co-infections. Around 10% of enrolled subjects presented detectable levels of HIV RNA in semen despite being on suppressive ART.
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Medical Research.com eInterview with: Prof. Jean Decety PhD
Irving B. Harris Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry
The University of Chicago
5848 S. University Ave.
Chicago, IL 60637 - USA
Faculty Web page: http://psychology.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/jdecety.shtml
SCNL Web page: www.scnl.org
Child NeuroSuite: www.childneurosuite.orgMedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Decety: In our study, psychopaths exhibited significantly less activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and brainstem relative to controls, but surprisingly showed greater activation in the insula. The major difference in brain response between psychopaths compared to controls during the perception of others in pain was the lack of engagement of regions in the brainstem, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).
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MedicalResearch.com: eInterview with: Soo Aleman
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases
Karolinska University Hospital, at Karolinska Institute
171 76 Stockholm, Sweden,
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: In this long-term, prospective study of 351 hepatitis C infected patients with liver cirrhosis, we found a reduced but persistent risk for hepatocellular cancer after successful treatment with eradication of the virus. This risk for hepatocellular cancer remained at a level of 1% per year for those with sustained virological response, and could persist as long as 8 years after eradication.
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MedicalResearch.com eInterview with Dr. David Perry
UCSF School of Medicine
Clinical Fellow in Neurology
675 Nelson Rising Lane
San Francisco CA 94158
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?
Dr. Perry: We described two patients with clinical syndromes and brain imaging patterns that are consistent with Alzheimer’s disease. Both were found to have mutations in GRN, which are typically associated with inherited frontotemporal dementia. They both showed evidence of underlying Alzheimer’s pathology, in one case through autopsy confirmation (demonstrating Alzheimer’s disease in addition to TDP-43 pathology), and in the other case from a positive amyloid PET scan.
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MedicalResearch.com: eInterview with Siran M. Koroukian, Ph.D.
Population Health and Outcomes Research Core,
Clinical & Translational Science Collaborative
Associate Professor Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH 44106-7281
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Koroukian: Among individuals who died of cancer, those with mental illness (MI) died an average of 10 years earlier than those without MI.
Overall, there was excess mortality from cancer associated with having mental illness in all the race/sex strata: SMR, 2.16 (95% CI, 1.85-2.50) for black men; 2.63 (2.31-2.98) for black women; 3.89 (3.61-4.19) for nonblack men; and 3.34 (3.13-3.57) for nonblack women.
We note statistically significant higher SMRs for every anatomic cancer site in nonblack men and women and for most cancer sites in black men and women.
(more…)
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