MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Roger Paul Baxter, MD
Co-Director Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center
Oakland, CA 94612.
MedicalResearch.com What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Baxter: Menveo, the currently licensed CRM-conjugate meningococcal vaccine, showed an excellent booster response in adolescents, regardless of which conjugate vaccine they had received previously. Also, although titers from the priming dose waned, at 3 years there were still protective antibodies in the majority of immunized individuals. The other US-licensed meningococcal conjugate vaccine, Menactra, uses a different protein conjugate.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Jamie Hui, MD
Center for Health Services Research
Virginia Mason Medical Center
Seattle, Washington
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Hui: Through a quality improvement intervention aimed at how radiologists report on findings in female pelvic ultrasound examinations, we were able to decrease the number of unnecessary recommendations for follow-up imaging of benign adnexal cysts, preventing duress for these women.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Amy Nunn, ScD, MS
Assistant professor (research) of Behavioral and Social Sciences
Brown University School of Public Health
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: The main findings are that people living in poor, mostly-minority urban neighborhoods, where health resources such as HIV testing and linkages to care are often lacking, are at a greater risk of contracting HIV and dying of AIDS. This is not because of differences in behavior. It's because they live in medically underserved areas where HIV incidence is very high and fewer people know their status. Fewer people knowing their status means fewer people on treatment. Fewer people on treatment means it's easier for people to come into contact with the virus, even if they don't engage in any higher risk behavior.
In the paper, my colleagues and I call for increasing the focus of public health efforts on these neighborhoods where the epidemic is concentrated and contributing heavily to racial and economic disparities in AIDS mortality.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Eric Matteson, M.D.
Chairman of Rheumatology
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Matteson: “The main points are that kidney disease is more common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in the general population and that moderate reduction in kidney function was more likely to be associated with cardiovascular disease in these patients as well. Patients with more active disease week are also at higher risk for kidney disease. “
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Michael B. Blank, PhD
Associate Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry
Perelman School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Blank: We found that people in treatment for mental illnesses in inpatient and outpatient settings in Philadelphia and Baltimore were about times as likely to be infected with HIV as the general population in those cities and about 16 times as likely to be HIV infected as the general population of the US. We also found that severity of psychiatric symptoms increased the likelihood of infection.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Marc A. Pfeffer, M.D., Ph.D.
Dzau Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Cardiovascular Division
Brigham and Women's Hospital
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Pfeffer: We randomized 3445 patients with symptomatic heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than or equal to 45% (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction or diastolic heart failure) to spironolactone or placebo and followed them for over 3 years. Our primary outcome the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, aborted cardiac arrest, or hospitalization for management of heart failure was not significantly reduced in the group randomized to spironolactone. We did, however, observe that fewer patients in the spironolactone group were hospitalized for the management of heart failure following randomization. Spironolactone therapy was associated with higher incidence of hyperkalemia and rises in serum creatinine.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Sabina Sieri, PhD
Epidemiology and Prevention Unit
Department of Preventive & Predictive Medicine
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
20133 Milan – Italy
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of this study?Dr. Sieri: In our study we found that there was an increased risk of developing breast cancer from high saturated fat intake. High total and saturated fat intake were associated with greater risk of ER PR positive breast cancer. High saturated fat intake was also associated with a greater risk of HER2 negative disease. So, a high-fat diet increases breast cancer risk and, most conspicuously, a high saturated fat intake increases the risk of developing hormone-sensitive diseases, suggesting saturated fat involvement in the etiology of hormone-sensitive breast cancer.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Wei-ping Zhou, MD, PhD
Department of Hepatic Surgery
Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital
Shanghai, China
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study? Answer: The main finding is that Quantitative HBsAg can be used as a new prognostic factor of Hepatocellular Carcinoma recurrence after partial hepatectomy in patients with a low HBV-DNA level.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Prof. Dr. med. Piotr Lewczuk
Head,Lab for Clinical Neurochemistry
and Neurochemical Dementia Diagnostics,
Universitätsklinikum Erlangen,
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,
91054 Erlangen, Germany
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Prof. Dr. med. Piotr Lewczuk: In our study, we investigated the concentrations of four isoforms of amyloid beta peptides in the blood of healthy young volunteers without memory complains. The participants were stratified into three groups according to their apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, which is the mostly investigated and generally accepted genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). It is known that the alterations of the amyloid beta metabolism are the earliest changes in the course of AD, occurring many years (or even decades) before the onset of the clinical symptoms, but it is actually not known how early these alterations start. Correspondingly, we wanted to investigate if healthy persons with genetic risk factor show changes in their amyloid beta metabolism already 30-40 years before the age when AD is usually diagnosed. We did not find any differences between the groups with and without APOE-driven risk, which might be carefully interpreted as no signs of Alzheimer’s Disease pathology in persons at risk at such an early life stage. Taken together, we think that the Alzheimer’s Disease pathology starts some 10-20 years before the beginning of the clinical symptoms, but not earlier.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with Dr. Judy C. Boughey MD
Professor of Surgery
Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study? Dr. Boughey: This study showed that the rate of reoperation after lumpectomy for breast cancer was significantly lower at Mayo Clinic in Rochester compared to national data. Mayo Clinic in Rochester uses frozen section analysis of margins at time of lumpectomy to direct any margin re-excisions during the surgery and therefore has a significantly lower rate of need for a second operation to ensure clean margins. The rate of reoperation was four times higher in the national data set than in the Mayo Clinic data set. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview witih: Dr. Constance Tom Noguchi, Ph.D.
Molecular Medicine Branch
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 and
Dr. Mawadda Al-Naeeli
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: The main findings of our study are:
1) EPO treatment has an anti-inflammatory effect on white adipose tissue macrophage population during diet-induced obesity in addition to its associated metabolic improvements on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in vivo.
2) In this model of obesity, EPO treatment was found to reduce M1-like [pro-inflammatory] and increased M2-like [anti-inflammatory] macrophages in visceral white adipose tissue depot.
3) In addition, EPO decreased circulating inflammatory monocytes.
4) These anti-inflammatory effects of EPO were found to be driven, at least in part, by direct EPO-R response in macrophages via Stat3 activation, where EPO effects on M2 but not M1 macrophages required interleukin-4 receptor/Stat6 axis.
5) The anti-inflammatory effects of EPO are not restricted to treatment with exogenous high dose EPO (1000U/kg), but also include endogenous physiological EPO levels as demonstrated by the series of studies conducted using ΔEpoR mice with EPO-R restricted to erythroid cells.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Bradley S. Peterson, MD
Director of the Center for Developmental Neuropsychiatry
Director of the Center for Developmental Neuropsychiatry,
New York State Psychiatric Institute
Suzanne Crosby Murphy Professor in Pediatric Neuropsychiatry,
Columbia University, NY
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Peterson: We detected the presence of lactate in the brains of 13% of 75 participants who had ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder), compared with 1% of the brains of 96 typically developing control participants. The presence of lactate was especially more common in adults who have ASD. Lactate is a product of anaerobic metabolism, which generally should not occur in healthy, living brains under normal circumstances. The presence of lactate in the brains of persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder therefore suggests the presence of deficient production of energy stores by a component of brain cells called “mitochondria”. We detected lactate most commonly in the cingulate gyrus, a region that supports the higher-order control of thought, emotion, and behavior, and that has been implicated previously in Autism Spectrum Disorder.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Robyn Tamblyn BScN Msc PhD
James McGill Chair
Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics
McGill University and Scientific Director
Institute of Health Services and Policy Research
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Tamblyn: Higher drug costs are associated with a higher probability of primary non-adherence, whereas better follow-up by the prescribing physician, and a policy to provide medication at no cost for the very poor increase the likelihood of adherence
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Enrique F. Schisterman, Ph.D.
Chief and Senior Investigator
Epidemiology Branch, DIPHR
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Rockville, MD 20854
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Schisterman: Our results indicate that aspirin is not effective for reducing the chances of pregnancy loss in most cases. For the total number of women in the study, 13 percent of women who took aspirin and became pregnant subsequently experienced another loss, compared with 12 percent who took the placebo. Ultimately, 58 percent of women taking aspirin and 53 percent of the placebo group got pregnant and later gave birth.
However, additional research is needed to investigate the finding that women who had experienced a single, recent pregnancy loss (before 4 1/2 months of pregnancy and within the past year) had an increased rate of pregnancy and live birth while on aspirin therapy. Among this group, 78 percent of those who took aspirin became pregnant, compared with 66 percent of those who took the placebo. For this subset of women, 62 percent of the aspirin group and 53 percent of the placebo group gave birth.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview withUlla Räisänen
Senior Researcher
HERG Health Experiences Research Group
Department of Primary Care Health Sciences
University of Oxford Oxford OX1 2ET
MedicalResearch.com : What are the main findings of the study?Answer: We conducted a qualitative interview study exploring how young men (aged 16-25) recognise eating disorder symptoms and decide to seek help, and to examine their experiences of initial contacts with primary care in the UK.
Our data suggest that the widespread perception of eating disorders as uniquely or predominantly a female problem led to an initial failure by young men to recognise their behaviours as symptoms of an eating disorder. Many presented late in their illness trajectory when eating disorder behaviours and symptoms were entrenched, and some felt that opportunities to recognise their illness had been missed because of others’ lack of awareness of eating disorders in men. In addition, the men discussed the lack of gender-appropriate information and resources for men with eating disorders as an additional impediment to making sense of their experiences, and some felt that health and other professionals had been slow to recognise their symptoms because they were men. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Bruno Stricker, MB PhD
Professor of Pharmaco-epidemiology
Professor of Pharmacoepidemiology
Erasmus MC
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?
Dr....
MedicalResearch.com Interview with Stephen M. Amrock, SM
Department of Pediatrics
New York University School of Medicine
New York, NY 10016
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: We analyzed data from a nationally representative survey on youth risk behaviors. After adjusting for other risk taking behaviors, we found that high school adolescents who indoor tan were much more likely to also engage in behaviors typically associated with eating disorders. We also noted that the link between indoor tanning and such harmful weight control behaviors was even stronger among males than females.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Teresa Liu-Ambrose, PhD, PT
Associate Professor, Canada Research Chair
Department of Physical Therapy
Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory
Vancouver Coastal...
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Dr. Carolyn Crandall, M.D.
Division of General Internal Medicine,
David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California,
Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Crandall: We found that higher social class was linked with a lower risk of fractures among non-Caucasian women. Compared with non-Caucasian women who had no more than a high school education, those with at least some postgraduate education had nearly 90% lower rates of non-traumatic fracture. These results were present even after we accounted for income.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Xiang Gao, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor in Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Associate Epidemiologist
Brigham and Women's Hospital
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Gao: In this study including 12,556 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we found that the participants with Restless Legs Syndrome at baseline had significantly lower physical function (PF) score 6 years later than those without RLS, after adjusting for potential confounders. The magnitude of difference in physical function score for RLS symptoms ≥15 times/month vs no Restless Legs Syndrome was more than that of a 5-year increase of age or moderate amount of smoking. We also found that having daily daytime sleepiness and sleep duration ≥9 hours/day were associated with lower mean physical function value than not having these symptoms .
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Prof. Dr. Christa E. Müller
University of Bonn Pharmaceutical Institute Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I An der Immenburg 4 D-53121 Bonn (Endenich) Germany
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Prof. Dr. Christa E. Müller: Genetically altered mice which show an aggregation of Tau protein and many symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease which progressively worsen with time was used.
Caffeine was given to one group of mice at an early stage, when the symptoms were still moderate.
The caffeine-treated mice showed better memory and less inflammation and brain damages in comparison to the non-treated control mice. This means that caffeine protected the mice to some extent. The side effects were moderate.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Dr. Rui Li
Division of Diabetes Translation
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, GA
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: The proportion of people with diabetes facing high out-of-pocket (OOP) burden declined between 2001 and 2011. Although insurance and income related disparities have declined, almost one-fourth of all people with diabetes still face a high out-of-pocket burden.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr. Marie Claude Ouimet, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor/ Professeure adjointe
University of Sherbrooke/ Université de Sherbrooke
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences/ Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé
Longueuil, QC, Canada, J4K 0A8
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?
Dr. Ouimet :The goal of our study was to examine if teenagers’ driving risk was associated with a neurobiological factor. Driving was continuously observed with cameras and sensors installed in the vehicles of teenagers during their first 18 months of licensure. Cortisol response was measured within the first weeks of licensing. Our study showed two main findings:
1) Higher cortisol response to a stressful event was associated with lower crash and near crash rates over the study period;
2) Higher cortisol response was also linked to a sharper decrease in crash and near crash rates over time.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview Sandra L. Decker, Ph.D.Distinguished Consultant
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Health Statistics
Hyattsville, MD 20782
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Decker: One of the main findings is that the percent of the low income population that is uninsured is higher in states not expanding Medicaid than those expanding. The low income uninsured in non-expansion states are more likely to report having or having had certain health conditions such as hypertension, cancer, stroke, emphysema, or a heart condition than those in expansion states. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Alex Leow, MD PhD
Psychiatric Institute
Chicago, IL 60612 and
Tony J. Simon, PhD
University of California,
Davis MIND Institute Sacramento,
CA 95817
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Answer: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disabilities and the most prevalent known single-gene cause of autism in males. The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) can be mutated with expanded numbers of CGG trinucleotide repeats in the 5’ untranslated region on the Xq27.3 site of the X chromosome. Normally, unaffected individuals have fewer than 45 CGG repeats in FMR1. When the size of the CGG repeat exceeds 200 FMR1 is silenced and the mutation is categorized as full, generating the FXS phenotype. If the expansion is between 55–200 repeats, then the individual is generally classified as a fragile X premutation carrier (fXPC). An estimated 40% of male and 8-16% of female premutation carriers later develop Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS), which is a late-onset (usually 50-70 years old) neurodegenerative disorder.
We recruited 46 neurologically symptomless young to middle aged carriers of the FMR1 gene mutation. They were age and gender matched with 42 unaffected control individuals without the gene mutation. Both groups were evaluated by cognitive testing as well as novel neuroimaging techniques termed “brain connectomics,” based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) whole-brain tractography. A connectome is a comprehensive map, like a wiring diagram, of neural connections in the brain. Our study is the first-ever connectome study to compare fXPCs and controls.
In short, brain connectomics enable scientists for the first time to study the global organizational properties of the human brain by applying cutting edge computational techniques, based on graph theory, to these comprehensive maps of neural connections (i.e., the brain graphs). Our main finding was that, in neurologically symptomless male carriers we detected a correlation between brain graphs’ efficiency in processing information and the number of CGG repeats in the mutated region of FMR1 (we estimated that each additional CGG repeat that in these males represents an effective increase of ~1.5 years of “brain aging”). The correlation may prove to be an effective marker of early brain aging in otherwise neurologically symptomless premutation carriers. The study also further confirmed previous findings of smaller brain stem volumes in male fXPCS than in male controls.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Dr. Ivo Lieberam
Lecturer, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology
King's College London
New Hunt's House, Guy's Hospital Campus
London, SE1 1UL UK
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Lieberam: In this study, which my group undertook in collaboration with Linda Greensmith’s group at University College London, we found that we could artificially control muscle activity using transplanted stem cell-derived nerve cells as an interface between an opto-electronic pacemaker and paralysed muscle in mice. The nerve cells were equipped with a molecular photosensor, so that they could be activated by light. We think that long-term, this technology may be used in neural prosthesis designed to re-establish relatively simple motor functions, such as breathing or swallowing, in patients suffering from spinal cord injury or neuromuscular diseases such as Motor Neuron Disease.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: David R. Jacobs Jr, PhD
Divisions of Epidemiology
School of Public Health
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of this study?Dr. Jacobs: Vigorous activity is what is well understood to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. People with high fitness are likely (based on this study) to
a) Lose fitness more slowly as they age and
b) To maintain sharper "thinking skills" into late middle age.
I think the message of this study is primarily for the people in the low to mid range of fitness in young adulthood. Thus, of more importance to the general population, if the people with low to moderate fitness simply do things, be engaged in family, job, community, move around, they would be able to do better on a treadmill test such as we used. Because those who lost less fitness over average age 25 to average age 45 had higher thinking skills at age 50, people who start moving around are likely to reap the benefit of less loss of thinking skills by average age 50.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Judith Kooiman
Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis
Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden, The Netherlands
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Kooiman: The main finding of our study is that trans radial PCI (TRI) is associated with a significantly lower risk of AKI compared with trans femoral PCI (TFI), after adjustment for confounding factors.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Professor Ben He
Department of Cardiology
Renji Hospital, School of Medicine
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai China.
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Professor He: Elimination of PVCs by catheter ablation can improve LVEF and reverse LV dimensions. The pooled mean change in LVEF post-ablation meets the prespecified borderline (5%) and can be considered clinically effective. Beneficial effects of ablation of frequent PVCs in improving LV function are more significant in patients with reduced LVEF at baseline.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Massimo Porta, MD PhD
Professor of Medicine Head, Unit of Internal Medicine 1
Department of Medical Sciences University of Turin
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings of the study?Dr. Porta: Type 2 diabetes has a slow, insidious onset and may remain undiagnosed for several years, during which complications may arise and progress. As a result, many patients already have retinopathy at the time a clinical diagnosis is finally made. Previous attempts at estimating the duration of this period of "hidden" diabetes relied upon extrapolations of a linear correlation between known duration of diabetes and prevalence of retinopathy.
This led to overestimates, because:
a) the best fitting correlation may not be linear,
b) series included insulin treated patients, who might have late-onset type 1 diabetes,
c) patients with any mild retinopathy were included whereas we now know that up to 10% of non diabetic individuals may have minimal retinal signs.
By taking these variables into account, ie including only patients not on insulin and with moderate or more severe retinopathy and applying different mathematical models, we ended up with an estimated duration preceding diagnosis of type 2 diabetes of 4-6 years, against longer than 13 years using "standard" criteria.
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