Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Colon Cancer, Dermatology, Nature, Testosterone / 14.01.2016
Male Pattern Baldness Linked To Increased Risk of Colon Polyps
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Dr. NaNa Keum[/caption]
More on Colon Cancer on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Nana Keum, PhD
Department of Nutrition
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Boston, MA
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Keum: Male pattern baldness, the most common type of hair loss in men, is positively associated with androgens as well as IGF-1 and insulin, all of which are implicated in pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia. Therefore, it is biologically plausible that male pattern baldness, as a marker of underlying aberration in the regulation of the aforementioned hormones, may be associated with colorectal neoplasia. In our study that examined the relationship between five male hair pattern at age 45 years (no-baldness, frontal-only-baldness, frontal-plus-mild-vertex-baldness, frontal-plus-moderate-vertex-baldness, and frontal-plus-severe-vertex-baldness) and the risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer, we found that frontal-only-baldness and frontal-plus-mild-vertex-baldness were associated with approximately 30% increased risk of colon cancer relative to no-baldness. Frontal-only-baldness was also positively associated with colorectal adenoma.
Dr. NaNa Keum[/caption]
More on Colon Cancer on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Nana Keum, PhD
Department of Nutrition
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Boston, MA
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Keum: Male pattern baldness, the most common type of hair loss in men, is positively associated with androgens as well as IGF-1 and insulin, all of which are implicated in pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia. Therefore, it is biologically plausible that male pattern baldness, as a marker of underlying aberration in the regulation of the aforementioned hormones, may be associated with colorectal neoplasia. In our study that examined the relationship between five male hair pattern at age 45 years (no-baldness, frontal-only-baldness, frontal-plus-mild-vertex-baldness, frontal-plus-moderate-vertex-baldness, and frontal-plus-severe-vertex-baldness) and the risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer, we found that frontal-only-baldness and frontal-plus-mild-vertex-baldness were associated with approximately 30% increased risk of colon cancer relative to no-baldness. Frontal-only-baldness was also positively associated with colorectal adenoma.
Dr. R. Jeffrey Karnes[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
R. Jeffrey Karnes MD
Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN 55905
MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Karnes: Cancer recurrence following radical prostatectomy is a concern for men undergoing definitive surgical treatment for prostate cancer. Approximately 20-35% of patients develop a rising prostate specific antigen following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. PSA monitoring is an important tool for cancer surveillance; however, a standard PSA cutpoint to indicate biochemical recurrence has yet to be established. Over 60 different definitions have been described in literature. This variation creates confusion for the patients and clinicians. By studying a large group of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at Mayo Clinic, we found that a PSA cutpoint of 0.4 ng/mL is the optimal definition for biochemical recurrence.
Dr. Boolbol[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Susan K. Boolbol, MD, FACS
Chief, Division of Breast Surgery
Chief, Appel-Venet Comprehensive Breast Service
Co-Director, Breast Surgery Fellowship
Mount Sinai Beth Israel
Associate Professor of Surgery
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, NY 10003
Medical Research: What is the background for these new recommendations?
Dr. Boolbol: To make this final recommendation, the Task Force conducted a comprehensive review of the science since its 2009 recommendation and considered the public comments it received on its 2015 draft recommendation statement. Based on all of this, the task force issued their recommendations.
Medical Research: What are the main changes from current guidelines?
Dr. Boolbol: Presently, there are several different guidelines and recommendations regarding screening mammography. Depending on the group issuing the guidelines, the recommendations vary from 
Dr. Sergio Acuna[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Sergio A. Acuna, MD
Graduate Student at St. Michael's Hospital and IHPME
University of Toronto
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Acuna: Solid organ transplant recipients are known to be at greater risk of developing cancers compared to the general population; however, because they are also at high increased risk of mortality from non-cancer causes, the risk of cancer morality in this population is unclear. As previous studies on this topic have reported disparate findings, the cancer mortality risk in this population remained uncertain.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Acuna: Our study provides conclusive evidence that solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of cancer mortality. Our findings demonstrate that solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of cancer death compared to the general population regardless of age, transplanted organ, and year of transplantation, and indicate cancer is a substantial cause of death in this population.
Prof. Hennekens[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Professor Charles Hennekens MD Dr.P.H
Sir Richard Doll Professor
Senior Academic Advisor to the Dean
Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine
Florida Atlantic University
777 Glades Road
Boca Raton, FL 33431
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Prof. Hennekens: Randomized evidence indicates clear benefits of mammography in middle age and, at present, most guidelines recommend regular mammography for women up to age 74. In collaboration with colleagues at Baylor Medical College and Meharry Medical School we were able to link the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data to the Medicare administrative claims data. We found that, up to 84 years, screening was more common among whites than blacks and women receiving regular annual screening mammography had lower risks of mortality from breast cancer.
Dr. Daniel Mulrooney[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Daniel A. Mulrooney, MD, MS
Cancer Survivorship
Jude Children's Research Hospital
TN 38105-3678
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Mulrooney: This is a cross-sectional analysis performed in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE), an ongoing study designed to facilitate longitudinal evaluation of health outcomes among adults previously treated for childhood cancer. Following patients over the life spectrum can be challenging making it difficult to understand the long-term health effects of childhood cancer therapy. Previous studies have relied on self-report, registry, or death certificate data. Our study is novel because we clinically evaluated cancer survivors on the St. Jude campus and identified substantial, asymptomatic cardiac disease (cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, valvular disease, and conduction/rhythm disorders).
Dr. Bissan Al-Lazikini[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr Bissan Al-Lazikani
Team leader in computational biology
The Institute of Cancer Research
London
Medical Research: What is the background for the canSAR database? What are the main uses for the tool?
Dr. Al-Lazikani: Drug discovery is a difficult, time consuming and expensive venture that frequently ends in late stage drug failures - especially in oncology.
As with any complex venture, decisions throughout the drug discovery pipeline can be empowered by having access to the right information at the right time. But for drug discovery this means bringing together billions of experimental data from very diverse areas of science spanning genomics, proteomics, chemistry and more.
We developed canSAR to help guide our own drug discovery efforts by integrating these huge, diverse data and by analysing the data and deriving hidden links and knowledge from them. This means that we can answer questions in minutes that would have taken weeks using previously available public resources. But, more importantly, canSAR analyses and links these data in a way that allows us to derive knowledge that was hidden before. For example, one of the main ways canSAR is used is to help select the best druggable targets for drug discovery. Using canSAR we were able to uncover many druggable cancer proteins that were previously overlooked, and we are delighted to see that several of these proteins are now the subjects of drug discovery and development projects both by us and by others.
We took the decision to make canSAR publicly and freely available because we believe that cancer drug discovery is a vast challenge that requires openness and data sharing worldwide. It has been embraced by the community is being used by tens of thousands of cancer scientists worldwide, both in academia and industry, to generate hypotheses for experiments and select targets for drug discovery.
Dr. Jason Lee[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Jason B. Lee MD
Professor , Clinical Vice Chair
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology
Director, Jefferson Dermatopathology Center
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Lee: When initially described, Clark et al. suggested that dysplastic nevi were intermediate lesions that lie biologically on a spectrum between benign and malignant. As such, they were to be histologically graded as mild, moderate, and severe (or a combination thereof), with mild presumably closer to benign and severe closer to malignant. In this paradigm, adopted by most dermatologists, these nevi are routinely excised based on histologic grading and margin status. Recent outcomes of follow-up and excision studies of dysplastic nevi suggest that they are over treated as there have been very low rates of melanoma on re-excision.
An alternative approach considers dysplastic or eponymously Clark nevi as common acquired nevi, typically in fair skin individuals, and rejects the entire notion that they are intermediate lesions as there exists no formal proof of their intermediate status. This approach omits grading and margin status entirely, providing the clinician an explicit recommendation for excision only for those cases of diagnostic uncertainty. In this study, excision recommendation rate of dysplastic/Clark nevi was determined along with analysis of excision outcomes in a laboratory where non-grading histologic diagnostic approach to these nevi has been adopted.
The excision recommendation rate, representing the diagnostic uncertainty rate, was 11.1%. Out of 80% of the cases returned for excision, only 2.0% of the cases were interpreted as melanoma on excision; all were in situ or thin melanomas. This excision rate is much lower than in prior reports, which vary from 22-52%, while still capturing melanomas within this subset of lesions.
Dr. Benjamin Rybicki[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Benjamin A. Rybicki, Ph.D
Department of Public Health Sciences
Henry Ford Health System
Detroit, MI
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Rybicki: Inflammation of the prostate gland—prostatitis—is a complex and heterogeneous condition. Two separate meta-analyses have estimated about a 60% increased risk of prostate cancer associated with clinical prostatitis. Most prostatitis, however, is asymptomatic and not fully captured in prevalence surveys. In fact, over 50% of surgical prostate specimens demonstrate some histological evidence of chronic inflammation, which has been generally shown to decrease risk of prostate cancer. The race of a patient may also be a factor as far as how inflammation influences prostate cancer risk. African American men are at greater risk for prostate cancer and demonstrate higher levels of circulating prostate specific antigen (PSA), which can confound the relationship between inflammation and prostate cancer.
In adjusted analyses, African American men with clinical chronic prostatitis had a significant 53% decreased risk of prostate cancer compared with African American men without prostatitis. Clinical prostatitis did not significantly increase prostate cancer risk in white men overall, but it was associated with a significant 3.5-fold increased risk in those who had no evidence of histologic prostatic inflammation. In addition, the investigators found that clinical prostatitis increased prostate cancer risk nearly 3-fold in white men with a low PSA velocity and nearly 2-fold in white men with more frequent PSA testing. PSA level and PSA density did not significantly modify the effect of clinical prostatitis on prostate cancer risk.
Dr. Trinh[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Quoc-Dien Trinh MD
Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School
Brigham and Williams Hospital
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Trinh: Among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with metastatic prostate cancer, surgical castration is associated with lower risks of any fractures, peripheral arterial disease, and cardiac-related complications compared to medical castration using GnRH agonists.
Dr. David Gallego Ortega PhD[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
David Gallego Ortega, PhD
Group Leader, Tumour Development Group Cancer Division
Garvan Institute of Medical Research
Conjoint Lecturer, St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Australia
National Breast Cancer Foundation and Cure Cancer Foundation Australia Fellow
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Ortega: We have identified a protein that 'goes rogue’ in breast cancer. The protein, called Elf5, ‘tricks' the immune system producing inflammation so that the immune cells now help the breast cancer cells to spread throughout the body.
Cancer spread, or metastasis, is the ultimate cause of death of 
Dr. Eberth[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Jan Marie Eberth, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Deputy Director, SC Rural Health Research Center
Core Faculty, Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program
Arnold School of Public Health
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Eberth: With the breakthrough findings of the National Lung Screening Trial released in 2011, professional organizations have largely embraced population-based screening guidelines for patients at high risk for 
Dr. Jenny C. Chang[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Jenny C. Chang, M.D.
Director, Houston Methodist Cancer Center
Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College
Full Member, Houston Methodist Research Institute
Houston, Texas
MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Chang: The current treatment of triple negative breast cancer, which accounts for about 15% of all cases of breast cancer, is still based on surgery, radiotherapy, and classic chemotherapy because, unlike other types of breast cancer, it is not amenable to hormonal or targeted therapy. However, research findings suggest that cancer stem cells, which represent about 2% of all neoplastic cells, may play a role in disease relapses and the formation of distant metastases. As these cells may represent a therapeutic target, the aim of this study is to modify the micro-environment in which they reproduce by acting directly on the chemokines involved in inflammation because there is evidence indicating a possible mechanism of action of reparixin, a molecule developed by Dompé, an Italian biopharmaceutical company, in the targeted treatment of these cancers.
Dr. Odejide[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Oreofe O. Odejide, MD
Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Odejide: The care that patients with hematologic cancers receive near the end of life is distinct from patients with solid tumors. For instance, previous research has shown that patients with blood cancers are more likely to receive intensive care at the end of life such as chemotherapy within 14 days of death, intensive care unit admission within 30 days of death, and they are less likely to enroll in hospice. My colleagues and I hypothesized that timing of discussions regarding end-of-life preferences with patients may contribute to these findings, and we wanted to examine hematologic oncologists’ perspectives regarding end-of-life discussions with this patient population.
We conducted a survey of a national sample of hematologic oncologists obtained from the publicly available clinical directory of the American Society of Hematology. We received responses from 349 hematologic oncologists, giving us a response rate of 57.3%. In our survey, we asked hematologic oncologists about the typical timing of EOL discussions in general, and also about the timing of the first discussion regarding resuscitation status, hospice care, and preferred site of death for patients. Three main findings emerged:
Dr. Vitiello[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Gerardo Vitiello, MD
Emory University School of Medicine
Emory Transplant Center
NYU Langone Medical Center
Department of Surgery
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Vitiello: Screening for prostate cancer with prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels is highly controversial, as it is a non-specific marker for prostate cancer. A PSA level may be elevated in a variety of disease processes (not only prostate cancer), and even in the general population, the benefit of early intervention for prostate cancer is unclear. In contrast, end stage renal disease (ESRD), where patients no longer have renal function and require dialysis, is a major health problem with a huge impact on a patient’s quality of life. The only cure for ESRD is kidney transplantation, which has been shown to have an enormous health and quality of life benefit for transplant recipients. Transplant centers have rigorously screened candidates for potential malignancy prior to transplantation to ensure that there are no contraindications to receiving a transplant. For the first time, we demonstrate that screening for prostate cancer in kidney transplant candidates is not beneficial, and may actually be harmful, since it delays time to transplant and reduces a patient’s chance of receiving a transplant without an apparent benefit on patient survival.
Dr. Schmidt[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Marjanka Schmidt PhD
Group Leader, Molecular Pathology
Netherlands Cancer Institute
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Schmidt: BRCA1/2 mutation carriers who developed a primary breast cancer are thought to be at high risk to develop a contralateral breast cancer (breast cancer in the opposite breast). Our study is one of the first to provide unbiased risk estimates for young breast cancer patients with a pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutation. We also showed that age of onset of the first breast cancer is a predictor for the development of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, but not in non-carriers.
Dr. Veenstra[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Christine Veenstra MD
Clinical Lecturer, Internal Medicine
Medical Oncology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5343
MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Veenstra: Patients with cancer face many costs and incur financial burden as they go through diagnosis and treatment. For working patients, cancer diagnosis and treatment may come with the additional burden of time away from work, lost income, and even long-term job loss. Although 40% of US workers do not have access to paid sick leave, we hypothesized that availability of paid sick leave could reduce the need to take unpaid time away from work during cancer treatment and might therefore be associated with job retention and reduced personal financial burden.
In a survey of over 1300 patients with Stage III colorectal cancer, we found that only 55% of those who were employed at the time of their cancer diagnosis retained their jobs. Working patients with paid sick leave were nearly twice as likely to retain their jobs compared with working patients who did not have paid sick leave. This held true even when controlling for income, education and health insurance. Furthermore, working patients without paid sick reported significantly higher personal financial burden than those who had paid sick leave available.
Dr. Najib Rahman[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr Najib Rahman D Phil MSc MRCP
Consultant and Senior Lecturer
Lead for Pleural Diseases
Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine
Clinical Director, Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit
Tutor in Clinical Medicine
University College, Oxford
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Rahman : Up to TIME1, the evidence base behind optimal pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion in terms of tube size and analgesia was poor. Optimal pleurodesis in this context is one which is successful (i.e. the patient needs no further pleural interventions for that malignant effusion), but occurs with the minimum discomfort. This is particularly important as the treatment intent in malignant effusion pleurodesis is palliative.
This is the first adequately powered randomized trial to address two important issues in pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion - that of whether NSAIDs reduce pleurodesis efficacy, and if smaller chest tubes (12F) are "as good as" larger chest tubes (24F) for pleurodesis success and in terms of pain.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Rahman : The main and somewhat surprising findings are that:
Dr. Jo Freudenheim[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Jo Freudenheim, PhD
UB Distinguished Professor and Interim Chair
Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health
School of Public Health and Health Professions
University at Buffalo
Buffalo, NY
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Freudenheim: There have been a number of studies that have shown an association between periodontal disease and chronic diseases, particularly stroke and heart attacks. There is also some newer evidence that periodontal disease is associated with cancer, particularly cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Ours is the first large prospective study of periodontal disease and breast cancer.
This was part of a study of more than 70,000 postmenopausal women from throughout the United States, the Women’s Health Initiative. Women provided information about their health and other related factors and then those women were followed to see who developed certain diseases.
We found that women who had been told that they had periodontal disease were more likely to develop breast cancer. In particular, women who were former smokers (quit within the last 20 years) and who had periodontal disease were at increased breast cancer risk. There was a similar increase in risk for current smokers with periodontal disease but it was not statistically significant. (There was a relatively small number of current smokers in the WHI study.)
Dr. Tevaarwerk[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Amye Tevaarwerk, M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Hematology/Oncology Section
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center
Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research (WIMR)
Madison, WI
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Tevaarwerk: These patients were enrolled on a larger clinical trial known as the Symptom Outcomes and Practice Patterns study (SOAPP). SOAPP recruited breast, prostate, colon and lung cancer patients directly during outpatient oncology follow-up visits. All of the patients were recruited between May 2006 and May 2008.
The parent study recruited 3123 patients, of these 680 patients had metastatic disease and 668 had employment data.
Patients were asked if they were working and if there had been a change due to illness. We were able to compare those stably working with those who had changed to "no longer working" and look at factors that associated with this change (age, gender, cancer type, race/ethnicity, time since diagnosis, location of metastatic disease, type of treatment, performance status, number of metastases, symptom burden.)
Dr. Jennifer Stein[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Jennifer Stein MD
Associate Professor
Department of Ronald O. Perelman
Department of Dermatology
NYU Langone Medical Center
Medical Research: What is the background for this FDA decision? What is the issue surrounding tanning beds?
Dr. Stein: This is an important proposal from the FDA because it restricts minors from tanning and requires adults to sign an acknowledgement stating they have been informed about the risks of tanning.
There is clear evidence that indoor tanning significantly increases a person’s risk for skin cancer, including melanoma, a potentially deadly form of skin cancer.
It is important to protect young people from the dangers of tanning beds, especially because many patients report that they started indoor tanning as teens. There are 1.6 million minors using tanning beds every year.
MedicalResearch: What is the problem with tanning? Isn't a tan better than a sunburn?
Dr. Stein: Tanning beds deliver intense amounts of UVA. We know that UVA penetrates deep into the skin and causes mutations that lead to skin cancers, including melanoma. Tanning is a sign that skin cells have been damaged by UV light.
Dr. Li Ding[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Li Ding PhD
Director, Medical Genomics group
McDonnell Genome Institute
Department of Medicine
Washington University in St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Li Ding: Next-generation sequencing technologies have provided unprecedented opportunities for building a comprehensive catalog of point mutations, simple insertion and deletion mutations (indels) and structural variants in human cancers. Although significant progress has been made for documenting these common events through studies from individual research labs and large consortiums, there has been little progress in the discovery of complex indels after the transition from Sanger sequencing to NGS technologies. It is well known in the scientific community that indel detection using short next generation sequencing reads is a challenging problem. Our study, for the first time, directly addresses complex indel detection that has been barely touched in the cancer field. More importantly, our analysis discovered 285 complex indels in cancer genes such as PIK3R1, GATA3, and TP53, revealing an unexpected high prevalence of these events in human cancers.