Author Interviews, Infections, Lancet, Outcomes & Safety, Respiratory / 22.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Yuichiro Shindo, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa-ku, Nagoya Japan Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Shindo: Appropriate initial antibiotic treatment is essential for the treatment of pneumonia.  However, many patients may develop adverse outcomes, even if they receive appropriate initial antibiotics.  To our knowledge, there have been no studies that clearly demonstrated the risk factors in patients who receive appropriate antibiotic treatment.  If these factors are clarified, we can identify those patients with pneumonia for whom adjunctive therapy other than antibiotic treatment can prove beneficial in terms of improved outcomes.  This study aimed to clarify the risk factors for 30-day mortality in patients who received appropriate initial antibiotic treatment and elucidate potential candidates for adjunctive therapy. In this study, the 30-day mortality in 579 pneumonia patients who received appropriate initial antibiotics was 10.5%.  The independent risk factors included albumin < 3.0 mg/dL, nonambulatory status, pH < 7.35, respiration rate ≥ 30/min, and blood urea nitrogen ≥ 20 mg/dL.  The 30-day mortality for the number of risk factors was 0.8% (0), 1.2% (1), 16.8% (2), 22.5% (3), and 43.8% (4–5). (more…)
Author Interviews, C. difficile, Gastrointestinal Disease, Mayo Clinic, Microbiome, Transplantation / 22.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr. Sahil Khanna MBBS Assistant Professor of Medicine Mayo Clinic Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: C. difficile infection patients are at a high risk of complications such as treatment failure. Gut microbiota signatures associated with CDI have been described but it is unclear if differences in gut microbiota play a role in response to therapy. No studies have identified predictors of treatment failure and we aimed to identified gut microbiota signatures to predict response to treatment for primary C. difficile . While there were no clinical predictors of treatment response, there were increases in certain genera in patients with successful treatment response in the fecal samples at initial diagnosis compared to non-responders. A risk index built from this panel of microbes highly differentiated between patients based on response and ROC curve analysis showed that this risk index was a strong predictor of treatment response, with a high area under the curve of 0.83.. (more…)
Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Gastrointestinal Disease / 22.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Kyle Staller, MD, MPH Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Staller: Constipation is exceedingly common and exerts a considerable economic effect.  Although many clinicians assume that the severity of constipation symptoms is the primary driver of obligation absenteeism, our data from over 100 patients undergoing physiologic evaluation for chronic constipation demonstrates that comorbid depression was a bigger predictor or work and school absenteeism than symptom severity and quality of life. (more…)
ADHD, Author Interviews, Mental Health Research, Nature, NYU / 22.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Michael M. Halassa, MD, PhD, Assistant professor Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology The Neuroscience Institute Depts. of Psychitatry Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Halassa:  Attention is a vital aspect of our daily life and our minds are not merely a reflection of the outside world, but rather a result of careful selection of inputs that are relevant. In fact, if we indiscriminately open up our senses to what’s out there, we would be totally overwhelmed. Selecting relevant inputs and suppressing distractors is what we call attention, and as humans we are able to attend in a highly intentional manner. Meaning, we choose what to pay attention to, and we do so based on context. If you’re driving and getting directions from your GPS, you’ll be intentionally splitting your attention between your vision and hearing. Now, in one context, you might have just updated the GPS software, so you know it’s reliable; this would allow you to intentionally pay attention more to the voice coming from the GPS. In another context, the GPS software may be outdated making voice instructions unreliable. This context would prompt you to direct your attention more towards using visual navigation cues and less to the GPS voice. How the brain intentionally and dynamically directs attention based context is unknown. The main strength of our study is that we were able to study context-dependent attention in mice. Mice are unique models because they provide genetic tools to study brain circuits. Meaning, we can turn circuits on and off very precisely in the mouse, and in a way we cannot do in other experimental animals. The inability to do these types of manipulations has been the major roadblock for progress in understanding what brain circuits mediate attention and its intentional allocation. Because we couldn’t train mice to drive and listen to the GPS, we decided to do something much simpler. Based on context (the type of background noise in the experimental enclosure), a mouse had to select between conflicting visual and auditory stimuli in order to retrieve a milk reward. Mice love milk; it turns out, and will work tirelessly to do well on getting it. Each trial, the mouse is told ‘you need to pick the light flash’ or ‘you need to pick the auditory sweep’; these stimuli appeared on either side of the mouse randomly so the animal really had to pay attention in order to get its reward. It also had to take the context into account. We found that mice did this task, and as humans would do, they were reliant on the prefrontal cortex for determining the appropriate context. The major finding was that the prefrontal cortex changed the sensitivity of the brain to incoming stimuli (meaning, made the visual stimulus brighter when the mouse cared about vision and made the auditory stimulus louder when the mouse cared about hearing), by influencing activity in the thalamus. The thalamus is the major early relay station in the brain. The prefrontal cortex does that by instructing the brain’s switchboard, known as the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) to control how much visual or auditory information the thalamus was letting through. So in a sense, we discovered that executive function, represented by the prefrontal cortex, can talk to ‘attentional filters’ in the thalamus to determine what ultimately is selected from the outside environment to build our internal world. (more…)
Author Interviews, Metabolic Syndrome, Weight Research / 22.10.2015

Robert Wong, M.D., M.S. Attending Physician, Gastroenterology & Hepatology Director, GI Education & Research Highland Hospital A member of Alameda Health System Oakland, CA 94602MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Robert Wong, M.D., M.S. Attending Physician, Gastroenterology & Hepatology Director, GI Education & Research Highland Hospital A member of Alameda Health System Oakland, CA 94602 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Wong: The rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes has led to concurrent rise in metabolic syndrome in the U.S.  Identifying metabolic syndrome is important to implement targeted treatment as metabolic syndrome contributes to cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and overall mortality.  However, while obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome, out study highlights the importance of considering metabolic syndrome even in individuals who do not meet criteria for obesity.  We demonstrated that nearly 20% of adults who do not meet current definitions of obesity still have metabolic syndrome in the U.S. (more…)
Author Interviews, Cost of Health Care, Gastrointestinal Disease, Weight Research / 22.10.2015

[wysija_form id="5"]Salman Nusrat M.D. Assistant Professor, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterMedicalResearch.com Interview with: Salman Nusrat M.D. Assistant Professor, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Nusrat: Obesity is a global epidemic and is one of the most taxing issues affecting healthcare in the United States. It is a well-established risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. We looked at how morbid obesity (BMI>40) affected inpatient health care utilization over the last two decades. We found that:
  • From 1997 to 2012, the number of patients discharged with a diagnosis of morbid obesity increased 11 folds from 10,883 to 124,650
  • The majority of these patients were female (~80%) and aged between 18-44 years.
  • Southern States accounted for majority of these admissions (37%). Majority of these patients were insured (~90%) and about three quarters of these admissions were in area with mean income above the 25 percentile.
  • The number of hospitalizations for patients aged >45 years increased from 33% to 50%.
  • -Even though the length of stay decreased from 5 days (1997) to 2.1 days (2012), the aggregate charges increased from $198 Million (1997) to $5.9 Billion (2012).
(more…)
Author Interviews, Radiation Therapy, Supplements / 21.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr. Nicholas G. Zaorsky MD Resident Physician, Radiation Oncology Fox Chase Cancer Center Medical Research: What was the motivation for your studies? Dr. Zaorsky: Men often walk down grocery store aisles and see bottles of pills labeled “men’s health” or “prostate health.” We call these pills “men’s health supplements.” Our goal is to determine what effect (if any) these pills have on the cancer that men are most commonly diagnosed with – that is, prostate cancer. Medical Research: What is the significance of these findings in simple terms? What are the implications for human health? What would you hope a general audience might take away from these findings? Dr. Zaorsky:  Men with prostate cancer commonly use these pills because of the high incidence of prostate cancer (about 1 in 6 men will be diagnosed with the disease), the stress associated with the diagnosis, the desire to benefit from all potential treatments, and the limited regulation on marketing and sale of the supplements.  Many men believe the supplements will help their cancer or (at worst) do nothing – so what’s the harm?  We found that men’s health supplements have no effect on curing prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy (a common treatment option). Men who took these pills also had no difference in their side effects during or after treatment.  Although we did not see a change in side effects, there have been thousands of cases in the US where supplements have harmed patients. (more…)
Author Interviews, Cannabis, Columbia, JAMA / 21.10.2015

Deborah S. Hasin, Ph.D. Professor of Epidemiology Columbia University New York, New York 10032MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Deborah S. Hasin, Ph.D. Professor of Epidemiology Columbia University New York, New York 10032 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Hasin: This study is based on data from two large-scale national surveys conducted over an eleven-year period that are designed to provide information on many health-related conditions in U.S. adults, including use of marijuana and other substances, changes over time in the prevalence of marijuana users, changes over time in the prevalence of disorders such as marijuana abuse and dependence, and the correlates and predictors of those disorders. The main findings of the study are that between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013, the prevalence of marijuana users in the United States adult general population more than doubled, from 4.1% to 9.5%, while the prevalence of adults with marijuana use disorder (abuse or dependence) also increased substantially, from 1.5% to 2.9% of American adults. About three in ten adult marijuana users met criteria for a marijuana use disorder. The findings are consistent with other studies showing increases in rates of marijuana-related harms over the same general time period. This may be to do with how accessible marijuana has become, for example you can even find a purple lotus menu on various websites. This is perfectly safe and fun, but can develop into an addiction later in life. (more…)
Author Interviews, Diabetes, Gastrointestinal Disease / 21.10.2015

Adil Mardinoglu, PhD Assistant Professor of Systems BiologyScience for Life Laboratory Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm, SwedenMedicalResearch.com Interview with: Adil Mardinoglu, PhD Assistant Professor of Systems BiologyScience for Life Laboratory Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm, Sweden Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Mardinoglu: The functional output and diversity of the gut microbiota are important modulators for the development of various human disorders. Obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as the opposite end of the spectrum, for example, malnutrition have been associated with dysbiosis in the human gut microbiota. In our study, we investigated the interactions between the gut microbiota, host tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and other peripheral tissues as well as diet which are known to be highly relevant for the health of the host. Through integration of high throughput experimental data, we revealed that the microbiota in the small intestine consumes glycine which is one of the three amino acids required for the synthesis of the glutathione. In order to confirm our predictions, we measured the level of the amino acids in the portal vein of the mice. We observed lower level of glycine in liver and colon tissues, and this indicated that the gut microbiota regulates glutathione metabolism not only in the small intestine but also in the liver and the colon tissues. (more…)
Anemia, Author Interviews, Infections, Kidney Disease, UCSF / 21.10.2015

Dr. Julie H. Ishida MD San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center Nephrology Section San Francisco, CAMedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr. Julie H. Ishida MD San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center Nephrology Section San Francisco, CA Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Ishida: Intravenous iron is important in the treatment of anemia of end-stage renal disease, but it is biologically plausible that iron may increase infection risk. While results from epidemiologic studies evaluating the association between intravenous iron and infection in hemodialysis patients have been conflicting, guidelines for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease have recommended caution in prescribing, avoidance and withholding of intravenous iron in the setting of active infection. However, no data specifically support the recommendation to withhold intravenous iron during active infection. Our study observed that among hemodialysis patients hospitalized for bacterial infection who had been receiving intravenous iron as an outpatient, continued receipt of intravenous iron was not associated with higher all-cause mortality, readmission for infection, or longer hospital stay. (more…)
Author Interviews, CDC, JAMA, OBGYNE, Vaccine Studies / 21.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr.Lakshmi Sukumaran MD, MPH Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Sukumaran: Pertussis (whooping cough) is a vaccine-preventable disease that has been increasing in incidence over the past decade in the United States. Newborns and infants are at increased risk of pertussis-related hospitalization and death compared with older children and adults. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that pregnant women receive a tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) during each pregnancy to protect her infant from pertussis disease, regardless of prior immunization status. However, there is limited data on the safety of repeated Tdap vaccines in pregnant women. Our study evaluated medically attended (associated with doctor visit or hospitalization) adverse events in mothers, such as fever, allergy and local reactions, and adverse birth outcomes, such as prematurity and low birth weight in newborns, in women receiving Tdap in pregnancy who had received a prior tetanus-containing vaccine. We found no significant differences in rates of these adverse outcomes in women who received Tdap in pregnancy following a prior tetanus-containing vaccine less than 2 years before, 2 to 5 years before, and more than 5 years before. (more…)
Author Interviews, BMJ, Cancer Research, Occupational Health / 21.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:, David Richardson PhD Associate Professor Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health UNC Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Richardson:  The International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS) combines three cohorts from France, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. INWORKS follows on from an earlier 15-Country Study but focuses on the three countries that provided the majority of the most informative data on early nuclear workers (1940’s onward). The use of data from just 3 countries, instead of 15, reduces the organisational requirements – and therefore financial burden – associated with the greater number of countries but the cohort selection (of the three main contributing countries) means that the power of the INWORKS study is not a concern. INWORKS uses information from the French, UK and US cohorts that has been updated since the 15-Country study was published. The overall purpose of the study is to improve the understanding of health risks associated with protracted, low-level exposure to ionising radiation. (more…)
Author Interviews, Geriatrics, PLoS / 21.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Prof. Dr. med. Andreas Stuck Chefarzt Geriatrie Geriatrische Universitätsklinik Inselspital, Bern Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Prof. Stuck: The number of older persons increases worldwide. Unfortunately, many older persons cannot enjoy the benefits of increased life expectancy because they develop disability or die prematurely. In the search for an effective preventive method, we developed a novel intervention consisting of health risk assessment combined with individualized health counseling, and tested whether this novel intervention actually works. In a trial among more than 2000 older persons, we allocated persons randomly to a group receiving and a group not receiving this intervention, and compared long-term outcomes between these groups. Medical Research: What are the main findings? Prof. Stuck: We found that older participants who received the novel intervention, improved their risk factor profile, and subsequently, had a significantly improved survival as compared to the participants who had not received the intervention. From earlier studies it was known that health risk assessment can improve short term health risks in older people, but our study is the first to explore long-term health outcomes. (more…)
Author Interviews, Breast Cancer, JAMA, Mammograms, UC Davis / 21.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Diana L. Miglioretti, PhD Dean's Professor in Biostatistics Department of Public Health Sciences UC Davis School of Medicine Davis, CA  95616 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Miglioretti: Screening mammography intervals remain under debate in the United States. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends biennial (every other year) screening, whereas other organizations recommend annual screening. To help inform their updated screening guidelines, the American Cancer Society guideline development group requested that the US Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium conduct a study comparing cancer outcomes among women screened annually vs. biennially. Prior studies conducted by the consortium used wide intervals for defining annual and biennial mammograms. We wanted to evaluate cancer outcomes for women who more closely adhere to screening intervals. Our goal was to determine if women diagnosed with cancer following biennial screening have tumors with less favorable prognostic characteristics compared to women diagnosed after annual screening. We evaluated outcomes separately by age and by menopausal status because evidence suggests that younger women and premenopausal women may have more aggressive tumors and thus may benefit from more frequent screening. We found from this study that premenopausal women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer following biennial versus annual screening mammography were more likely to have tumors with less-favorable prognostic characteristics (e.g., later stage, larger size). For example, women with an invasive breast cancer diagnosed after a biennial screen had a 28% increased risk of a stage IIB or higher tumor, a 21% increased risk of being diagnosed with a tumor >15 mm, and an 11% higher risk of being diagnosed with a tumor with any less-favorable prognostic characteristic compared women diagnosed with breast cancer following an annual mammogram. In contrast, we found postmenopausal women not using hormone therapy and women 50 years of age or older had similar proportions of tumors with less-favorable prognostic characteristics regardless of screening interval. Relative risk estimates were close to one with no significant differences between biennial and annual screeners. Among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy at the time of the mammogram and women age 40-49, results were less clear. Relative risk estimates for biennial versus annual screeners were consistently above one, but were not as large as for premenopausal women and were not statistically significant. (more…)
Author Interviews, Heart Disease, JAMA, OBGYNE, Pediatrics / 21.10.2015

Nathalie Auger MD MSc FRCPC Crémazie Est Montréal, Québec MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Nathalie Auger MD MSc FRCPC Crémazie Est Montréal, Québec  Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Auger: Congenital heart defects are the most common defects found in infants, but the causes are for the most part unknown. Only about 15-20% can be linked to a clear cause, such as a genetics or maternal infection.  Recently, certain imbalances of angiogenic signaling proteins that control blood vessel development have been identified in individuals with congenital heart defects. Similar imbalances in the same biomarkers have been observed in women with preeclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy that occurs in 3-5% of pregnant women. Because of this similarity, we sought to determine the relationship that preeclampsia has with the presence of congenital heart defects in infants. What we found was that there was a significant association between preeclampsia and congenital heart defects. In particular, preeclampsia that was diagnosed before 34 weeks of pregnancy was significantly associated with critical and noncritical heart defects and seemed to be the driving factor. There was increased risk for defects involving all general structures of the heart, although the absolute risk of congenital heart defects was low (16.8 per 1,000 infants). (more…)
Author Interviews, Brain Injury, JAMA / 21.10.2015

Dr-Davinia-Fernandez-Espejo.jpgMedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr Davinia Fernández-Espejo PhD School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham  Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Fernández-Espejo: We have previously shown that a number of patients who appear to be in a vegetative state are actually aware of themselves and their surroundings, and simply unable to show it with their external behavior. In a prior study we demonstrated that a patient who had been repeatedly diagnosed as vegetative state for 12 years was not only fully aware but able to create memories. Notably, this patient was capable to modulate their brain activity in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner to answer questions about their condition and preferences for care. In the present study we identified the reason for the dissociation between these patients’ retained awareness and their inability to respond with intentional movement. First, we used fMRI to demonstrate that a functional connection between the thalamus and the motor cortex is essential for a successful execution of voluntary movements. Second, we used diffusion tensor tractography, a technique that allows reconstructing and assessing white matter pathways in the brain, to identify damage to such connection (i.e. thalamus and motor cortex) in a paradigmatic patient who produced repeated evidence of covert awareness across multiple examinations, despite clinically appearing as being in a vegetative state. (more…)
Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Cost of Health Care, Health Care Systems, JAMA / 20.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Hannah Neprash PhD student Health Policy program Harvard University. Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Response: Hospitals are increasingly employing or purchasing physician practices. This trend started before the Affordable Care Act, as our study documents, but there is a concern that these trends may accelerate as providers reorganize to meet the challenges of new payment models that hold providers accountable for the entire spectrum of patient care, spanning inpatient and outpatient settings. It’s not clear how this change in provider market structure should affect spending. It could lead to lower spending, if care is better coordinated, reducing waste and unnecessary utilization. But, it could also lead to higher spending if larger provider groups have more market power and can negotiate higher prices with insurers. Medical Research: What are the main findings? Response: We used Medicare claims to quantify the share of physicians in major metropolitan markets that were owned or employed by a hospital. Most markets saw an increase in physician-hospital integration from 2008 to 2012. The average market saw a 3% increase in physician-hospital integration; the 75th percentile market saw a 5% increase; and the 95th percentile market saw a 15% increase. An increase in physician-hospital integration equivalent to the 75th percentile was associated with a $75 per person (or 3%) increase in annual outpatient spending among a non-elderly commercially insured population. This was driven by price increases – as we found no change in utilization. We did not find a similar association between physician-hospital integration and inpatient hospital spending. This is likely because hospital markets were already less competitive than physician markets at the beginning of our study period. When a hospital system buys a physician practice, the hospitals might not gain much bargaining power against an insurer in negotiating prices for inpatient care, but the hospital’s bargaining power could be used to negotiate higher fees for the outpatient physician practice.  That is, an insurer may not be persuaded by the threat of excluding the physician practice from its network, but the threat of excluding the entire hospital system from the insurer’s network is likely to carry more weight. (more…)
Author Interviews, Heart Disease, JACC / 20.10.2015

Jerry D. Estep, MD, FACC, FASE Associate Professor of Clinical Cardiology Houston Methodist Institute of Academic Medicine Section Head of Heart Transplant & Mechanical Circulatory Support, Division of Heart Failure Medical Director, Heart Transplant & LVAD Program Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center Houston MethodistMedicalResearch.com Interview with: Jerry D. Estep, MD, FACC, FASE Associate Professor of Clinical Cardiology Houston Methodist Institute of Academic Medicine Section Head of Heart Transplant & Mechanical Circulatory Support, Division of Heart Failure Medical Director, Heart Transplant & LVAD Program Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center Houston Methodist   Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Estep: Data for left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) in non-inotrope-dependent advanced heart failure (HF) patients are limited. The risk-benefit tradeoff of LVADs versus optimal medical management (OMM) in this patient cohort is not well understood.  ROADMAP is the first prospective, nonrandomized, observational study comparing LVAD support to OMM in advanced, ambulatory HF patients who are not dependent on intravenous inotropic support, and meet the FDA-approved indications for LVAD destination therapy.  The main  5 findings from the ROADMAP Study include the following: 1) LVAD patients were more severely ill, with more INTERMACS profile 4 compared to OMM patients (65% LVAD vs. 34% OMM, p < 0.001); 2) more LVAD patients met the primary endpoint of survival on original therapy with improvement in 6 minute walk distance of at least 75 meters at 12 months (39% LVAD vs. 21% OMM; [OR: 2.4 [95% CI: 1.2 to 4.8]; p = 0.012) with differences in the primary endpoint primarily due to the use of delayed LVADs in the OMM group; 3) on the basis of as-treated (event free) analysis, 12-month survival (freedom from death, urgent transplant, or delayed LVAD) was greater for LVAD versus OMM (80 ± 4% vs. 63 ± 5%, p = 0.022); 4) adverse events (AEs) were higher in LVAD patients, at 1.89 events/patient-year (eppy), primarily driven by bleeding (1.22 eppy), than with OMM, at 0.83 eppy, primarily driven by worsening HF (0.68 eppy);  and 5) health-related quality of life and depression improved from baseline more significantly with LVADs than with OMM (Δvisual analog score [VAS]: 29 ± 25 vs. 10 ± 22, p < 0.001 and ΔPHQ9: -5 ± 7 vs. -1 ± 5, p < 0.001). (more…)
Author Interviews, Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, Biomarkers, BMJ, Cancer Research / 20.10.2015

Ajay Goel, Ph.D. Investigator/Professor Director, Center for Gastrointestinal Research Director, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, TX 75246MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Ajay Goel, Ph.D. Investigator/Professor Director, Center for Gastrointestinal Research Director, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, TX 75246 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Goel: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common and lethal malignancies worldwide, and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Although there are some improvements in cancer treatments, such as development of novel chemotherapeutic drugs and technical advances in invasive treatment for metastatic lesion, there is a clear need for prognostic biomarkers that can identify high-risk patients, who can benefit from intensive post-treatment surveillance protocols for early detection of recurrence. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are one of the largest groups of single-stranded small ncRNAs, and in the past, snoRNAs were recognized for housekeeping functions due to their roles in rRNA maturation, while causing a relatively low impact on cellular homeostasis. However, recent evidence has revealed a new and previously unrecognized role of snoRNAs in the control of cell fate and oncogenesis in various cancers. The main finding of this study is to firstly demonstrate the clinical impact of snoRNA expression as a predictive biomarker of recurrence and poor prognosis in patients with Colorectal cancer. This study for the first time showed that higher levels of SNORA42 were associated with overall and disease-free survival, and emerged as a risk factor for the return of cancer in another part of the body. It was also correlated with high risk of recurrence and shorter survival in a smaller sample of bowel cancer patients in early stages of their disease. (more…)
Author Interviews, Calcium, Kidney Disease, Kidney Stones, Supplements, Vitamin D / 20.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Christopher Loftus M.D. candidate Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Most kidney stones are made, at least partially, of calcium composite. In a prospective study of nurses in the post-menopausal age, it was found that diets that contained high amounts of calcium were beneficial in preventing kidney stones in this population. In the gut, calcium can bind to oxalate which prevents it from being absorbed into the body and decreases the concentration of calcium in the urine. However there has been debate as to whether supplemental calcium (calcium pills) has the same beneficial effects as calcium in the diet. Supplemental calcium enters the gut in large quantities all at once so it may enter the blood stream in higher concentrations over smaller amounts of time. By the same token, vitamin D plays a role in the management and balance of calcium in the body and could potentially have an effect on stone formation as well.  It has also been debated whether vitamin D supplementation has major effect on patients who are known to be stone formers.  So we reviewed CT scans of patients and 24 hour urine collections (both male and female of adult age) who were known to have kidney stones and measured the growth of stones over a period of time. Our main findings were that supplementary calcium increased the rate of stone formation in these patients. We also found that vitamin D had a protective effect and patients taking only vitamin D had a slower rate of stone progression. (more…)
Author Interviews, Medical Imaging, NYU, Surgical Research / 19.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Nolan S. Karp, MD  Associate Professor, Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery NYU Langone Medical Research: What is the background for Three-dimensional imaging? Dr. Karp: This was really developed for industry in product engineering.  We and others applied this to medicine. Medical Research: What kind of technology is required? Dr. Karp: This is a fancy picture.  We obtain a 3D surface scan of the person or an object, which corresponds to a digital data set. Medical Research: How does Three-dimensional imaging help the physician and patient plan for better surgical outcomes? Dr. Karp: It lets you simulate the surgery.  For the surgeon, we can plan the surgery better.  For the patient, they can see the expected outcome better, before surgery. (more…)
Author Interviews, Emergency Care, Pain Research / 19.10.2015

Benjamin W. Friedman MD, MS Department of Emergency Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New YorkMedicalResearch.com Interview with: Benjamin W. Friedman MD, MS Department of Emergency Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Friedman: Low back pain is responsible for 2.4% of visits to emergency departments resulting in 2.7 million visits annually. Pain outcomes for these patients are generally poor. One week after an ED visit in an unselected low back pain population, 70% of patients report persistent back-pain related functional impairment and 69% report analgesic use. Three months later, 48% report functional impairment and 46% report persistent analgesic use. Treatment of  Low back pain with multiple concurrent medications is common in the ED setting. Data from a national sample show that emergency physicians often prescribe NSAIDs, skeletal muscle relaxants, and opioids in combination—26% of patients receive a NSAID combined with a skeletal muscle relaxant and 26% also receive an NSAID combined with an opioid. Sixteen percent of patients receive all three classes of medication. Several clinical trials have compared combination therapy with NSAIDS + skeletal muscle relaxants to monotherapy with just one of these agents. These trials have reported heterogeneous results. The combination of opioids + NSAIDS has not been well evaluated in patients with acute low back pain. Given the poor pain and functional outcomes that persist beyond an ED visit for musculoskeletal LBP and the heterogeneity in clinical care, we conducted a randomized comparative efficacy study with the following objective. To compare pain and functional outcomes one week and three months after ED discharge among patients randomized to a ten day course of: 1) naproxen + placebo 2) naproxen + cyclobenzaprine or 3) naproxen + oxycodone/acetaminophen. (more…)
Author Interviews, BMJ, End of Life Care / 19.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Barbara Gomes BSc MSc PhD  Research Fellow King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute Dept Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation London UK Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Gomes: We knew from our previous research that most patients with advanced cancer would prefer to die at home, but many do not achieve this. In many countries, an undesired hospital death is still the most common. We wondered whether this was because the quality of death was better in hospital than at home, so we examined the existing evidence and found out that the studies contradicted each other; some suggested that dying in hospital was better than at home and some found it was worse. Therefore, we decided to examine three things:
  • Whether people who died at home experienced more or less pain and peace than those who died in hospital;
  • whether the family carers of people who died at home experienced more or less grief;
  • The factors needed to enable death at home.
We wanted to find ways to improve care for patients and families facing serious life limiting illness, to more closely meet their preferences and needs and to empower them. Medical Research: What are the main findings? Dr. Gomes: We found that patients who died at home experienced more peace in their last week of life than those who died in hospital. There was no difference in pain levels. And grief was less intense for relatives of patients who died at home, both around the time of death and at questionnaire completion (which was about 4-10 months after the patient died). We also developed a model that explained well why some patients die at home whilst others die in hospital. Four factors are almost essential; they were present in more than 91% of home deaths:
  1. Home death preference by the patient;
  2. Home death preference by their relative;
  3. Receipt of home palliative care in the last three months of life;
  4. Receipt of district/community nursing in the last three months of life.
In addition, patients who died in hospital were less likely to have had Marie Curie nursing (these nurses care for people at home in the last few months or weeks of their lives, with the core service being one-to-one overnight nursing); only seven patients who received care from these nurses died in hospital. Importantly, patients who discuss preferences, have home visits from their GP and whose relatives take more days off work also had greater odds of dying at home. The study shows these elements of support need to be in place in order to meet patient preference and ensure the best possible outcomes. (more…)
Author Interviews, Clots - Coagulation / 19.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Karl Minges, MPH PhD Candidate Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Yale School of Nursing Research Associate | Yale-New Haven Hospital Center for Outcomes Research & Evaluation (CORE) McDougal Graduate Career Fellow | Yale Office of Career Strategy   Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Pulmonary embolism, caused by a sudden blockage in the lung artery, is thought to be among the most treatable and preventable causes of death. This has been precipitated by several recent diagnostic and therapeutic advancements that have broadened the range of options for diagnosis, treatment, and management for pulmonary embolism in the past decade. In fact, the public health burden of pulmonary embolism is so great that the U.S. Surgeon General issued a Call to Action to prevent venous thromboembolism, comprising deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in 2008. Despite recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances in pulmonary embolism treatment and prevention, little is known regarding the national trends of pulmonary embolism among older adults – a population that is adversely at risk. In this study, we identified the recent trends in pulmonary embolism hospitalizations and outcomes, such as in-hospital, 30-day and 6-month mortality using a 100% sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 1999 to 2010. We examined instances where pulmonary embolism was the primary or most serious reason for which the patient was in the hospital. Trends by age, sex, and race cohorts were also examined. (more…)
Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Heart Disease, JACC, Pediatrics / 18.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Ashley Winning, ScD, MPH Postdoctoral Research Fellow Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Medical Research: What is the background for this study?  Dr. Winning: Several studies have found associations between psychological distress and heart disease and diabetes; however, much of the research has measured distress and disease risk in adulthood and we can’t tell how long people have been distressed or how far-reaching the effects of distress are. Some work has shown that childhood distress is associated with adult health, indicating that distress may start to affect health even earlier in life than we thought. However most of the research has measured distress at a single point in time so we have not been able to answer questions regarding effects of persistent distress or if effects on health are less bad if people become less distressed over time. Medical Research: What are the main findings? Dr. Winning: Distress at any period in the life course was associated with increased cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk in adulthood (age 45). Not surprisingly, those with high levels of distress in both childhood and adulthood had the greatest cardiometabolic risk. The most striking finding is that high levels of childhood distress (measured in childhood) predicted heightened adult disease risk, even when there was no evidence that these high levels of distress persisted into adulthood. (more…)
Author Interviews, Diabetes, Primary Care / 18.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Jay H. Shubrook DO FACOFP, FAAFP Professor Primary Care Department Director of Clinical Research and Diabetes Services Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Shubrook: Type 2 DM is a progressive disease that is marked by declining beta cell function that results is worsening hyperglycemia. Current guidelines recommend a stepped approach in which people start with lifestyle and then sequentially add medications. The guidelines recommend that treatments be assessed regularly and titrated every 2-3 months. Unfortunately this does not happen. Clinical inertia is coming when treating diabetes where years -- not months- will pass before treatments are titrated. Time is not our friend in type 2 diabetes so we need to find a way to intervene earlier so we can see durable glucose control and hopefully longer terms preservation of beta cell function. The INSPIRE trial (intensive insulin as the primary treatment of type 2 diabetes) tested the effect of a pulse of early basal and bolus insulin therapy on glucose control, side effects (hypoglycemia, weight gain) and beta cell function. This regimen was compared to intensive oral therapy (2009 ADA treatment guidelines0 but medications titrated monthly). In short this randomized controlled multi center clinical trials explored does a 12 week pulse of basal-bolus insulin control glucose better than 15 months of on going and monthly titrated medications. The results showed that 12 weeks of insulin therapy (and then all treatment stopped) had similar A1c reduction and time to and need for rescue therapy compared to intensively treated on going oral medications for 15 months. Rates of hypoglycemia were low and intact those in the insulin arm lost weight while those in the medication arm gained weight. (more…)
Author Interviews, Case Western, Hand Washing, Infections / 17.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Curtis J. Donskey, MD Professor of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Staff Physician, Infectious Diseases Section, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Donskey: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is intended to protect healthcare personnel by preventing them from acquiring an infection and to protect patients by preventing pathogen transmission. This study focused on gloves and gowns which are designed to reduce contamination of the skin and clothing of personnel. There are several concerns about the effectiveness of gloves and gowns.
  • First, several studies have demonstrated that personnel may acquire pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on their hands and clothing during patient care activities despite wearing gloves and gowns.
  • Second, some studies involving simulations have suggested that contamination of the skin and clothing occurs frequently during removal of gloves and gowns.
  • Finally, lapses in technique for PPE removal may contribute to acquisition of potentially fatal pathogens such as Ebola virus. These concerns highlight the urgent need for improved strategies to prevent contamination of personnel during PPE removal.
We had 3 goals in the study.
  • First, we wanted to determine if contamination with a fluorescent lotion during glove and gown removal would correlate well with contamination with a benign virus. We did this because the fluorescent lotion method could potentially be very useful for training personnel because you can easily visualize contamination with a black light and provide immediate feedback.
  • Second, we used the fluorescent lotion method to evaluate contamination of the skin and clothing of personnel from 4 hospitals during removal of contaminated gloves or gowns.
  • Finally, we tested whether an intervention would reduce contamination in one of the 4 hospitals. The intervention included practice in removal of contaminated gloves and gowns with immediate visual feedback based on fluorescent lotion contamination of skin and clothing.
Medical Research: What are the main findings? Dr. Donskey: Our first key finding was that contamination with the fluorescent lotion correlated well with contamination with the benign virus. This was an important finding because it suggests that the fluorescent lotion method is a useful surrogate method to assess pathogen contamination during Personal protective equipment removal. Our second key finding was that contamination of the skin and clothing of personnel occurred frequently during removal of contaminated gloves or gowns. For 435 total simulations, contamination occurred 46% of the time, with similar results for each the 4 study hospitals (43%-50%). Incorrect donning or doffing technique was common and was associated with an increase in contamination (70% of the time with incorrect technique versus 30% with correct technique). Our final key finding was that the intervention was very effective in reducing contamination during PPE removal. Immediately after the training session, the frequency of contamination decreased from 60% to 20% and then was 12% at 1 and 3 months after the intervention. (more…)
Author Interviews, Diabetes, JAMA, Surgical Research / 17.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Jan Peter Yska, PharmD Medical Centre Leeuwarden Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology Leeuwarden The Netherlands Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Yska: Many patients with morbid obesity have known type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bariatric surgery effectively prevents and treats type 2 diabetes. A growing number of studies suggests that surgical treatment for obese patients may be considered an additional treatment option for the management of type 2 diabetes. However, an observational study on the remission of type 2 diabetes, using strict criteria for remisson of diabetes, after different types of bariatric surgery, based on data from general practice has not been carried out yet. Medical Research: What are the main findings? Dr. Yska: Our study included 569 obese patients with type 2 diabetes who had different types of weight-loss surgery and 1,881 similar diabetic patients who didn’t have surgery. This study confirms that bariatric surgery is successful in treating diabetes mellitus type 2. Per 1,000 person years 94.5 diabetes remissions were found in patients who underwent bariatric surgery, compared to 4.9 diabetes remissions in matched controls. A strict definition of remission of diabetes was used, much stricter than in other studies: patients should have stopped all diabetic medications with an HbA1c < 6.0% after at least 6 months of follow-up. Diabetic patients who underwent bariatric surgery had an 18-fold increased chance of diabetes remission, compared to diabetic patients who did not undergo surgery, with the greatest effect size observed for gastric bypass (adj. RR 43.1), followed by sleeve gastrectomy (adj. RR 16.6), and gastric banding (adj. 6.9). The largest decrease in  HbA1c and blood glucose levels was observed in the first two years after bariatric surgery. (more…)
Author Interviews, CDC, Emergency Care, Supplements / 17.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Andrew I. Geller, M.D From the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Geller: In recent years some dietary supplement products have been recalled for having unapproved ingredients or contaminants, but there is very little national data about how frequently dietary supplements that are not included in such recalls cause health problems. This study looks at how often people went to emergency departments (EDs) for problems caused by dietary supplements.
  • Supplements include herbals, complementary nutritionals (such as amino acid supplements), and vitamins and minerals.
  • We studied records from 63 emergency departments from 2004-2013.
  • We calculate that every year, dietary supplements cause:
  • More than 23,000 ED visits, and
  • More than 2,000 hospitalizations.
  • More than a quarter (28%) of these ED visits were among young adults (20-34 years).
  • More than half (56%) of the ED visits made by young adults were for problems with products for weight loss or increased energy.
  • Cardiac symptoms (irregular/fast heartbeat or chest pain) were common among patients with weight loss or energy supplement problems.
  • More than 20% were young children who got into supplements meant for someone else.
  • ED visits were less common among older adults, but more than 1 in 3 (36%) of these ED visits by older adults were for swallowing problems, such as choking on a pill, most commonly vitamin/mineral supplements.
(more…)
Author Interviews, Cost of Health Care, Emergency Care, Health Care Systems / 17.10.2015

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: James Galipeau PhD Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario, Canada  Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Galipeau: Overcrowding in emergency departments (EDs) is becoming more and more commonplace in Canada. The issue of overcrowding is complex and multidimensional with three distinct but interdependent components: input, throughput (processing), and output. At the processing level, one solution to overcrowding that has emerged is the establishment of observation/short stay units. A short-stay unit is a physical location in a hospital, usually in close proximity to the ED. Patients needing treatments or observation that may take several hours to resolve (e.g., blood transfusions, diagnostic testing, arranging social services) can be accommodated in a short-stay unit without occupying ED beds or needing to be admitted. In theory, ED-based short-stay units can lessen ED overcrowding by influencing outcomes such as ED wait times and hospital costs (if patients are moved from the ED to inpatient care). Although a recent report by the American College of Emergency Physicians recommends pursuing the use of short-stay units to alleviate ED overcrowding, there is a lack of evidence syntheses summarizing their effectiveness, safety, and value for money. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ED short-stay units compared with care not involving short-stay units. (more…)