Author: Marie Benz MD FAAD

Supplement Notice: These products have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition. Supplements are not a substitute for regular medical checkups or professional healthcare. Do not delay seeking medical evaluation or treatment by taking supplements. Some supplements should not be taken if you are pregnant, nursing, or may become pregnant. Supplements may interact with prescription medications and other drugs — always inform your physician or qualified healthcare provider about any and all supplements you are taking. Always consult your healthcare provider before beginning any new supplement regimen, especially if you have an existing health condition or take other medications. Note: NAD⁺ supplements are not FDA tested and may vary between formulations. There are no studies of NAD⁺ or NR in children, pregnancy, breastfeeding, or those planning to become pregnant. Please discuss the use of NAD⁺ or NR with your healthcare provider before use and if you are taking long term.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Andrew Shao, PhD

Senior Vice President, Niagen Bioscience

[caption id="attachment_75541" align="alignleft" width="200"]Dr. Andrew Shao, PhD Dr. Andrew Shao, PhD[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is NR and how does it differ from NAD+?

Dr. Shao: NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a vital coenzyme found in every cell, essential for energy production and DNA repair. While levels decline with age, direct NAD+ supplementation is ineffective because the molecule is poorly absorbed and utilized when taken orally. NR (nicotinamide riboside) is a vitamin B3 derivative and an efficient NAD+ precursor — a "building block" of NAD+. Unlike direct NAD+, NR is readily converted into NAD+ through established metabolic pathways. Pharmacists are ideally positioned to help patients understand that when they seek NAD+ supplements, they actually need an effective precursor like NR.

Cannabis and CBD Product Notice: Cannabis and CBD products are not FDA-monitored or approved for the treatment of anxiety, depression, or any other mental health condition and are not legal in all locations. Effects vary significantly between individuals. Do not use if you are pregnant, nursing, or may become pregnant. Keep out of reach of children. Children and pets should not be exposed to these products. Cannabis and CBD products may interact with alcohol and other drugs including prescription medications. Always consult your physician or qualified healthcare provider before using any cannabinoid product, especially if you have an existing health condition or take other medications.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Anita Cservenka, PhD

Associate Professor; Director, Substance Use & Neurocognition Lab

School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR

[caption id="attachment_75520" align="alignleft" width="200"]anita_cservenka-interview Dr. Cservenka, PhD[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?

Dr. Cservenka: There had been limited research on whether frequent cannabis use is associated with changes in individuals' diurnal stress activity, which can be measured by examining the cortisol awakening response. However, some previous studies had shown that the typical rise of cortisol in the morning, which is thought to be a marker of our body's preparation for managing the stressors of the day, may be blunted among individuals with alcohol use disorder. A recent study by Glodosky et al., 2026, also suggested this may be the case among those with chronic cannabis use, so we attempted to replicate those findings. Although we did not find group differences in the cortisol awakening response (the difference in cortisol 30 minutes post-awakening and at the time of awakening) between individuals who engaged in frequent cannabis use relative to controls, we did find that cannabis use may be related to higher levels of cortisol at the time of awakening and this was significantly related to cannabis use consequences.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Henry Daniell, PhD

Vice-Chair and W.D. Miller Professor

Department of Basic & Translational Sciences

School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA

[caption id="attachment_75503" align="alignleft" width="200"]henry_daniell Dr. Henry Daniell, Ph.D.[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What bacteria or viruses are associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas?

Dr. Daniell: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) correlate with worse survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In tumorigenic cells HPV genome integrates into the host cell genome causing genome instability and genic alteration which facilitate mutation and hyperproliferation. One third of males in the globe is HPV positive and one fifth are infected with high risk HPV16 strain. Pg is invasive and replicates within tumor cells and influences oncogenic signaling of HNSCC. Fn triggers cancer progression by upregulating several oncogenes responsible for inflammation, cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis. Therefore, it is important to control HPV, Pg, and Fn in the oral cavity to reduce initiation or advancement of oral cancer.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Ellen B. Bannon, MPH

PhD Student, Department of Environmental Health Sciences

Columbia Mailman School of Public Health

[caption id="attachment_75435" align="alignleft" width="200"]Ellen Bannon Ellen Bannon[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?

Ms. Bannon: Lithium is an increasingly important element thanks to its use in rechargeable batteries and the green energy transition. However, we know relatively little about how people are exposed to lithium in their everyday lives. In many areas of the United States, lithium is present in groundwater and drinking water due to natural weathering processes, but few studies have quantified human exposure to lithium. Our study addresses this gap by measuring lithium in household tap water and urine samples from participants in the Strong Heart Family Study across Tribal communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, North Dakota, and South Dakota. This approach parallels earlier work examining other naturally occurring groundwater contaminants — a framework explored in this MedicalResearch.com overview of how naturally occurring contaminants in drinking water affect human health even at low exposure levels.

Our main findings were threefold. First, household drinking water samples frequently exceeded the United States Geological Survey health-based screening level of 10 µg/L, with 100% and 93% of samples exceeding the screening level in Arizona and North Dakota/South Dakota, respectively. Both water and urine lithium levels were highest in Arizona and lowest in Oklahoma. Second, household drinking water is an important contributor to internal lithium exposure — water lithium concentrations were significantly associated with urinary lithium levels and explained approximately 29% of variation in urinary lithium. Finally, urinary lithium levels remained stable between our urine sampling periods (2006–2009 and 2022–2024), suggesting that environmental lithium exposure has remained persistent over time.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Aidan Cole, PhD

Postdoctoral Researcher, Aird Lab

The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia

[caption id="attachment_75414" align="alignleft" width="150"]Aidan Cole, PhD Aidan Cole, PhD[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?

Dr. Cole: Our lab was interested in what happens in a tumor after chemotherapy treatment when some cells stop proliferating and growing the tumor but are not killed. These are called senescent cells, and they are of particular interest in ovarian cancer because of the prevalence of cancer recurrence and spread after initially responding to treatment.

The biggest finding is we learned how these senescent cells communicate with cancerous cells to get them to loosen their grip on the tumor and spread to other parts of the body. This communication occurs when senescent cells produce a sugar called fructose. For the first time, we've shown that a nutrient can be produced in these senescent cells and used by cancer cells in a way that worsens cancer spread. This builds on research previously covered on MedicalResearch.com exploring how senescence in ovarian cancer cells may contribute to chemotherapy resistance.

Cannabis and CBD Product Notice: Cannabis and CBD products are not FDA-monitored or approved for the treatment of anxiety, depression, or any other mental health condition and are not legal in all locations. Effects vary significantly between individuals. Do not use if you are pregnant, nursing, or may become pregnant. Keep out of reach of children. Children and pets should not be exposed to these products. Cannabis and CBD products may interact with alcohol and other drugs including prescription medications. Always consult your physician or qualified healthcare provider before using any cannabinoid product, especially if you have an existing health condition or take other medications.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Ryan M. Sullivan, PhD

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, UC San Diego School of Medicine

[caption id="attachment_75281" align="alignleft" width="200"]<div style="background:#fff4e5;border-left:4px solid #e07b00;border-radius:4px;padding:16px 20px;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-size:0.95em;color:#5a3e00;line-height:1.7;font-family:Georgia,serif;"><p style="margin:0;"><strong>Cannabis and CBD Product Notice:</strong> Cannabis and CBD products are not FDA-monitored or approved for the treatment of anxiety, depression, or any other mental health condition and are not legal in all locations. Effects vary significantly between individuals. Do not use if you are pregnant, nursing, or may become pregnant. Keep out of reach of children. Children and pets should not be exposed to these products. Cannabis and CBD products may interact with alcohol and other drugs including prescription medications. Always consult your physician or qualified healthcare provider before using any cannabinoid product, especially if you have an existing health condition or take other medications.</p> </div> <div style="background:#f0f4f8;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;padding:20px 24px;margin-bottom:2em;font-family:Georgia,serif;color:#1a1a2e;"> <p style="margin:0 0 6px 0;"><strong>MedicalResearch.com Interview with:</strong></p> <p style="margin:0 0 4px 0;"><strong>Ryan M. Sullivan, PhD</strong></p> <p style="margin:0;">Postdoctoral Research Fellow, UC San Diego School of Medicine</p> </div> [IMAGE GOES HERE] <!--more--> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;color:#444;font-style:italic;margin-bottom:1.5em;">Study: Sullivan RM, Wallace AL, Shankula CA, et al. Substance use patterns from late childhood to mid-adolescence: Updates on the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. <em>Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports.</em> 2026;20:100463. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2026.100463" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#1a7abf;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2026.100463</a></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> Adolescence is a critical period for brain development and a time when many young people begin experimenting with alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and other substances. Understanding when substance use begins, how it changes as young people get older, and which substances are most commonly used together can help researchers identify opportunities for prevention and better understand how early substance use may relate to later health outcomes. This study used data from the <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/adolescent-brain-substance-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#1a7abf;">Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study</a>, one of the largest longitudinal studies of youth in the United States, to provide an updated picture of substance use patterns from late childhood through mid-adolescence. Related MedicalResearch.com research has also found that <a href="https://medicalresearch.com/cognitive-brain-circuits-altered-in-youth-with-significant-cannabis-use/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#1a7abf;">cognitive brain circuits are altered in youth with significant cannabis use</a> — underlining why tracking when and how adolescents begin using substances matters for understanding long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> The study found that substance use increased steadily as participants moved through adolescence. By age 16, 38% of participants reported having used at least one substance during their lifetime. Alcohol, cannabis and nicotine were the substances most commonly reported.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;">The researchers also identified differences by sex. Boys reported higher rates of substance use before age 12, but beginning around age 13, girls reported higher rates of alcohol, cannabis and nicotine use, with the largest differences seen for nicotine. Polysubstance use — using two or more substances — was also relatively common, with nearly 15% of participants reporting it during the study. The most common combination was nicotine and cannabis, and girls reported higher rates of polysubstance use after age 13, particularly combinations involving nicotine.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;">Importantly, estimates adjusted to better reflect the U.S. population were very similar to the study's unadjusted estimates, suggesting that the ABCD cohort provides a useful representation of national patterns of adolescent substance use.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: What should readers take away from your report?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> The key takeaway is that substance use becomes increasingly common as young people move through adolescence, highlighting the importance of prevention and early intervention before or during the early teen years. The findings also show that substance use does not follow the same pattern for everyone. In particular, the shift toward higher rates of use among girls beginning around age 13 and the prevalence of nicotine-cannabis co-use point to the need for prevention strategies that account for differences in age, sex and patterns of substance use.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;">These findings also provide an important national benchmark for future research. By establishing when substance use emerges and how patterns evolve during adolescence, researchers can better investigate how substance use may intersect with brain development, mental health and other long-term outcomes.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: What recommendations do you have for future research as a result of this study?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> It will be important to investigate why substance use patterns diverge between boys and girls around age 13 and to identify the factors that contribute to higher rates of use among girls during later adolescence. Additional research should examine the factors associated with polysubstance use, particularly nicotine and cannabis co-use, and determine whether using multiple substances is associated with different developmental or health outcomes than using a single substance. Future studies could also explore how family environment, peer relationships, mental health, social conditions and changing perceptions of substance-related risks influence when and how adolescents begin using substances.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>MedicalResearch.com: Is there anything else you would like to add? Any disclosures?</em></strong></p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong><em>Dr. Sullivan:</em></strong> One important point is that these findings should not be interpreted to mean that most adolescents use substances. The study found that substance use increases with age, but the majority of young people in the cohort had not reported using substances by age 16. The value of this research is in identifying when use becomes more common and the specific patterns that emerge, so that prevention efforts can be targeted at the times and populations when they may have the greatest impact.</p> <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.8;color:#1a1a2e;"><strong>Disclosures:</strong> The study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) through National Institutes of Health awards DA064409, DA062011, DA050779, DA054980 and DA062432. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.</p> <p style="font-size: 13px; color: #666; background: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; padding: 14px 18px; margin-top:2em;"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The information on MedicalResearch.com is provided for educational purposes only, and is in no way intended to diagnose, cure, or treat any medical or other condition. Some links are sponsored. Products, services and providers are not warranted or endorsed by MedicalResearch.com or Eminent Domains Inc. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider and ask your doctor any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. In addition to all other limitations and disclaimers in this agreement, service provider and its third party providers disclaim any liability or loss in connection with the content provided on this website.</p> Dr. Ryan Sullivan PhD[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?

Dr. Sullivan: Adolescence is a critical period for brain development and a time when many young people begin experimenting with alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and other substances. Understanding when substance use begins, how it changes as young people get older, and which substances are most commonly used together can help researchers identify opportunities for prevention and better understand how early substance use may relate to later health outcomes. This study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, one of the largest longitudinal studies of youth in the United States, to provide an updated picture of substance use patterns from late childhood through mid-adolescence. Related MedicalResearch.com research has also found that cognitive brain circuits are altered in youth with significant cannabis use — underlining why tracking when and how adolescents begin using substances matters for understanding long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

[caption id="attachment_75222" align="alignleft" width="200"]Dr. Don Kikkawa Dr. Don Kikkawa[/caption]

Don Kikkawa, MD Distinguished Professor, UC San Diego Viterby Family Department of Ophthalmology Chief, Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Vice-Chairman, Department of Ophthalmology UCSD

 

[caption id="attachment_75223" align="alignleft" width="125"]dr_leo-miller-md Dr. Leo Miller[/caption]

Leo Meller, MD

UC San Diego School of Medicine, Class of 2026

   

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?

Dr. Kikkawa and Dr. Meller: Hockey can put players at risk for eye injuries because of high-speed pucks, sticks, and close-contact play. While many sports-related eye injuries are preventable, there has been limited national data on the frequency and severity of hockey-related eye injuries across different types of hockey. Our research used 20 years of U.S. emergency department data to better understand these injuries. Similar work examining recreational sport eye injury trends — including our related research covered previously on MedicalResearch.com on serious and preventable eye injuries treated in emergency settings — underscores why population-level surveillance data matters for guiding prevention efforts.

[caption id="attachment_75224" align="aligncenter" width="500"]ice-hockey-ocular-injuries-pexels.jpg Photo by Luke Miller[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Steven Quay, MD, PhD

Founder, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer

Atossa Therapeutics

Publications discussed: The rise of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in breast cancer therapy: a promising horizon and (Z)-Endoxifen as a Potential Modulator of Utrophin Pathways in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Mechanistic and Transcriptomic Perspective

[caption id="attachment_75169" align="alignleft" width="240"]Dr. Steven C. Quay Dr. Steven C. Quay[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for these studies? What are the main findings of the reviews?

Dr. Quay: Breast cancer remains the most common cancer diagnosis and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Around 70% of these cases are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), meaning the tumor cells use the body's natural estrogen as fuel to multiply and grow. While traditional endocrine therapies like tamoxifen have saved countless lives, patients frequently face severe side effects or eventually develop resistance to the treatment.

To bridge this gap, these studies show the promise of next-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), specifically (Z)-endoxifen. The main findings indicate that this active-form drug delivers more consistent, well-tolerated exposure to keep pace with a patient's unique biology. We are looking at the whole picture — from cancer prevention in high-risk patients to shrinking tumors before cases worsen. Ultimately, this approach builds on tamoxifen's legacy and blocks estrogen signaling to provide patients with more effective therapy options. For context on risk factors in breast cancer prevention, see this overview of breast cancer risk and dense breast tissue.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Jay Doucet, MD

Chief, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery

Medical Director, Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Emergency Preparedness and Response

UC San Diego Health

[caption id="attachment_75129" align="alignleft" width="150"] Dr. Jay Doucet[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?

Dr. Doucet: E-bikes have surged in popularity in recent years because they allow riders to travel farther and faster with less physical effort than traditional bicycles. While this growth has expanded transportation options for many people, researchers say it has also introduced new safety challenges. E-bikes are generally heavier and capable of higher speeds than conventional bicycles, factors that may contribute to more serious injuries when collisions occur. This study adds to a growing body of evidence explored previously on MedicalResearch.com in a related interview on how electric bikes are linked to a dramatic increase in injuries and hospitalizations.

[caption id="attachment_75130" align="aligncenter" width="500"]ebike accidents Pexels[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Amesh A. Adalja, MD, FACP, FACEP, FIDSA

Spokesperson, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Senior Scholar, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security

[caption id="attachment_75118" align="alignleft" width="200"]Amesh A. Adalja Dr. Adalja[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What type of organism is Cyclospora cayetanensis?

Dr. Adalja: It is a protozoan parasite.

MedicalResearch.com: Where is it found? What are the symptoms of infection?

Dr. Adalja: Cases occur worldwide, but it is endemic in the tropics and subtropics.

MedicalResearch.com: How is it spread? Why does it occur periodically? Is there more spread during warm weather?

Dr. Adalja: It is spread when a human ingests an infective oocyst of Cyclospora. Its seasonal nature varies from place to place, and in countries like the United States and Canada, the risk is primarily related to importation of contaminated food products. Certain soil conditions are more conducive to the oocysts than others.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Nora Chea, M.D.

Medical Epidemiologist

Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion CDC's National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases

[caption id="attachment_75102" align="alignleft" width="200"]dr-nora-chea.jpeg Dr. Nora Chea[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?

Dr. Chea: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a significant threat to the safety of patients in U.S. hospitals and cost billions of dollars annually. Preventing HAIs continues to be a top priority of CDC and other federal agencies. In 2023, CDC, in collaboration with 10 Emerging Infections Program (EIP) sites, conducted a point prevalence survey to assess changes in HAI prevalence compared with a similar survey conducted in 2015.

The 2023 survey included 13,653 patients across 218 hospitals in 10 states. Trained staff reviewed medical records using National Healthcare Safety Network definitions to identify HAIs.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Toshiro Shirakawa, MD, PhD

Dean and Professor

Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University

[caption id="attachment_75056" align="alignleft" width="200"]Prof-toshiro_shirakawa Prof. Shirakawa[/caption] MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?

Dr. Shirakawa: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly improved the treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer, but many patients eventually develop resistance, leaving limited therapeutic options. We developed B440, a first-in-human oral cancer vaccine using genetically engineered Bifidobacterium longum expressing the WT1 tumor-associated antigen, with the goal of enhancing tumor-specific cellular immunity through the gut immune system.

In this phase I study, B440 demonstrated a favorable safety profile with no dose-limiting toxicities. WT1-specific cellular immune responses were detected in half of the patients, and these patients showed a trend toward longer progression-free survival. As this was a small, single-arm phase I study, these findings should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating. For context on how immune checkpoint inhibitors have reshaped the treatment landscape for metastatic urothelial cancer, see this earlier overview of immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Chenyang Li, M.D.

Department of Cardiology

Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases

Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College

[caption id="attachment_74997" align="alignleft" width="200"]Dr. Chenyang Li Dr. Chenyang Li[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?

Dr. Li: Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is one of the most common valvular heart diseases in older adults, affecting approximately 2–7% of individuals over the age of 65. Although chronic inflammation is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to disease progression, the upstream triggers remain incompletely understood.

[caption id="attachment_74872" align="alignleft" width="150"]Dr. Johnston, Ph.D. Dr. Johnston, Ph.D.[/caption]

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

Nikki Johnston, Ph.D.

Professor of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences & Microbiology and Immunology

Medical College of Wisconsin

Co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer, N-Zyme Biomedical Inc.

MedicalResearch.com: Please provide a summary of your findings in your Modulation of Pepsin-Mediated Inflammatory Responses in Vocal Cord Epithelial Cells by Amprenavir and how that is impacting your future research studies.

Dr. Johnston: In this study, we wanted to know whether pepsin — the key nonacid component of reflux — could trigger inflammatory signaling in vocal cord epithelial cells, and whether a pepsin inhibitor could reverse that response. We found that exposing human vocal cord cells to pepsin at neutral pH, mimicking the nonacidic conditions typical of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), significantly increased the transcription factor HIF-2α along with the downstream inflammatory genes IL8, IL1B, and ICAM1. Co-treatment with amprenavir, a pepsin inhibitor and the active metabolite of fosamprenavir, reduced HIF-2α levels and significantly suppressed IL8, ICAM1, and TNF expression.

Interestingly, when we blocked HIF-2α's transcriptional activity directly, only IL1B expression was reduced; IL8 and ICAM1 were unaffected or even further increased. This tells us that HIF-2α is one contributor to pepsin-driven inflammation in the vocal cords, but not the whole story — pepsin is very likely activating several parallel stress pathways (NF-κB and MAPK signaling, among others) at the same time. For our future work, this reinforces that a single downstream pathway inhibitor is unlikely to fully quiet pepsin-induced inflammation, whereas a pepsin inhibitor acting further upstream, like amprenavir, has the potential to blunt several of these pathways at once. We are now examining whether similar mechanisms extend to pepsin's emerging role in pulmonary fibrotic disease and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD).

MedicalResearch.com Interview with:

[caption id="attachment_74870" align="alignleft" width="100"]Dr. Victor Marwin Dr. Marwin[/caption]

Victor Marwin, M.D. Vero Orthopaedics 3955 Indian River Blvd, Vero Beach, FL 32960 Responses provided on behalf of Sonex Health (sonexhealth.com)

 

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Would you briefly explain what are the symptoms and complications of carpal tunnel syndrome and who is more prone to developing this condition?

Dr. Marwin: The MISSION registry is the largest ever prospective, multicenter study that is collecting real-world outcomes of patients suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). More specifically, it looks at patients with CTS who are treated with an ultrasound-guided carpal tunnel release (UGCTR) procedure using Sonex Health's commercially available device, UltraGuideCTR, endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR), or open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) in routine clinical practice in the United States. The goal of the MISSION registry is to compare symptom relief, functional outcomes, pain, quality of life, and patient satisfaction among the different procedural approaches to treat carpal tunnel syndrome.

CTS is one of the most frequently reported occupational injuries and the second leading cause of lost work time. In fact, it typically leads to more lost days per claim than almost any other work-related injury. Common symptoms include severe wrist and/or hand pain, numbness and tingling, making simple tasks including typing or gripping tools nearly impossible without treatment. People who work in jobs requiring repetitive hand use, forceful gripping, and vibrating tools are at greatest risk, including those in manufacturing and assembly, construction and mechanical, office and tech, beauty and healthcare, and food service and processing. Related research on carpal tunnel procedures performed in the office setting has previously been covered on MedicalResearch.com.

Supplements, Peptide & Hormone Therapy Notice: The treatments, supplements, peptides, and hormone optimization therapies referenced in this article are not FDA monitored or approved for all uses described. These therapies should only be undertaken under the supervision of a qualified, licensed healthcare provider following a thorough clinical assessment. Dosing is variable and individualized; self-administration without medical oversight is not recommended. These therapies may interfere with existing medications and may be contraindicated in individuals with certain health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, hormone-sensitive cancers, liver conditions, or clotting disorders. Do not use hormone therapies or peptide compounds if you are pregnant, nursing, or may become pregnant. Keep all therapeutic compounds out of reach of children. Always consult your physician before beginning, modifying, or discontinuing any hormone, peptide, or supplement protocol.

The pursuit of a longer life has dominated medical science for decades, but the conversation is rapidly shifting toward the quality of those additional years. Today, healthcare professionals are focusing on the distinction between lifespan and healthspan. As researchers evaluating proactive healthcare and telehealth innovations frequently explore, modern medicine is transitioning away from reactive symptom management. Instead, there is a strong global emphasis on early lifestyle interventions and increasing patient access to preventive medical assessments via virtual care.

This evolution in care delivery is also reshaping how aging populations engage with technology, a shift explored in detail in this overview of tech-smart aging for home, help and health.

The Impact of Precision Telehealth on Preventive Care and Healthy Ageing

Medical breakthroughs save lives and change the future of global healthcare. Behind every new drug or therapy lies years of intense laboratory research. Scientists rely heavily on specific tools to conduct these complex experiments.

Having the right tools helps teams gather accurate data and speed up scientific discoveries. Without reliable hardware, even the best scientific theories cannot move forward into real-world medical treatments. High-quality devices give researchers the power to test new ideas with complete confidence.

Essential Lab Equipment for Medical Research

Healthcare is evolving from a system that primarily treats disease to one that actively works to prevent it. As chronic illnesses continue to place enormous pressure on individuals, families, and healthcare systems worldwide, research increasingly supports a proactive approach focused on early detection, personalized risk assessment, and lifestyle intervention.

Preventive medicine is no longer viewed as simply recommending annual checkups. Instead, it has become a comprehensive strategy that combines advanced diagnostics, evidence-based screening, personalized health planning, nutrition, exercise, mental wellness, and ongoing physician oversight. The goal is straightforward: identify health risks before symptoms appear and help people maintain a longer, healthier life.

health_assessments_can_extend_healthspan

Securing disability benefits for neuropathy requires more than proving you have nerve damage. Approval typically depends on medical evidence, documented functional limitations, and the ability to show that the condition prevents you from working. Many claims are denied because of insufficient documentation or a lack of objective medical findings. Filing a successful claim requires a clear understanding of the eligibility requirements. Many people may wonder, "Is neuropathy considered a disability? Does it qualify for monthly benefits?" Yes, but strong medical records often play a key role in the outcome of a claim. The Social Security Administration evaluates neuropathy using specific medical and functional criteria. Applicants must provide evidence demonstrating significant limitations caused by their condition. Supporting documentation from specialists, diagnostic testing, and treatment records can strengthen a disability application. factors_that_decide_neuropathy_disability_claims

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_74522" align="alignleft" width="222"]Dr Daniel Liang-Dar HwangBSc, MBiotech, MSc, PhD ARC DECRA Fellow Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane, Australia and Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA Dr. Daniel Hwang[/caption] Dr. Daniel Liang-Dar Hwang BSc, MBiotech, MSc, PhD ARC DECRA Fellow Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane, Australia and Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA   MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: One of the biggest challenges in nutrition research is distinguishing causation from correlation. People who consume particular foods often differ in many other ways, such as income, education, physical activity, or overall health, making it difficult to determine whether a food itself influences disease risk. Mendelian randomization has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating causal relationships by using genetic variants as proxies for exposures. However, finding genetic variants that reliably reflect what people eat remains a major challenge. In this study, we developed a biologically informed framework for instrument selection using genetic variation in taste and smell receptor genes. Because taste and smell are major biological drivers of food choice, variants in these genes may provide biologically meaningful proxies for studying dietary exposures. We examined more than 1,200 genetic variants in taste and smell receptor genes and tested their associations with preferences for 140 foods and beverages in more than 160,000 participants. We identified 700 significant gene–food associations, many of which were also linked to actual food intake and replicated in an independent cohort. We then used these biologically informed variants in Mendelian randomization analyses to investigate potential causal relationships between diet and health, demonstrating how sensory genetics can be used to strengthen causal inference in nutrition research and identify foods that may influence disease risk.

Semaglutide Linked to Fewer Bone Fractures Despite Greater Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes

[caption id="attachment_74422" align="alignleft" width="200"]Jairo Norena Velasquez, Dr. Norena Velasquez[/caption] MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Jairo Norena Velasquez, MD Associate Division Chief, Endocrinology Division Alameda Health System Oakland, California
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?

Response: Type 2 diabetes is associated with a paradoxically elevated fracture risk — up to three times higher than the general population — despite normal or even elevated bone mineral density. The underlying problem is poor bone quality driven by chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end-product accumulation, and increased cortical porosity. Compounding this, intentional weight loss — a cornerstone of diabetes treatment — can accelerate bone loss by reducing mechanical loading on the skeleton.

Semaglutide is one of the most effective weight-loss agents available, yet direct real-world comparisons of its skeletal effects against other active weight-loss therapies were lacking.

Using the Atropos Health Eos EHR database — 161 million US patients from 2016 to 2023 — we compared fracture incidence and BMI change in adults with type 2 diabetes initiating semaglutide versus dulaglutide, phentermine/topiramate, or bupropion/naltrexone, using high-dimensional propensity score matching (17,506 pairs per group).

Semaglutide was associated with greater weight loss (mean delta BMI −1.9 vs. −1.2 kg/m²; difference −0.72 kg/m², p < 0.001) and a 15% reduction in fracture incidence (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77–0.93; p < 0.001) over a mean follow-up of 3.6 years.

role-online-pharmacies

Medication adherence remains one of the most important factors influencing treatment effectiveness and long-term patient outcomes. Healthcare providers frequently face challenges when patients struggle to follow prescribed medication regimens due to factors such as convenience, accessibility, scheduling difficulties, or medication management issues. As digital healthcare services continue evolving, online pharmacies are emerging as valuable tools that can help address some of these barriers while supporting improved patient engagement and continuity of care.

Understanding the Importance of Medication Adherence

Medication adherence refers to how consistently patients follow prescribed treatment plans. When medications are taken as directed, patients are more likely to achieve the intended therapeutic benefits and successfully manage health conditions.

Poor adherence can contribute to reduced treatment effectiveness, avoidable complications, and increased healthcare utilization. As healthcare systems continue focusing on patient-centered care, improving adherence remains a key priority for healthcare professionals and policymakers alike.

Cannabis Notice: Cannabis laws and regulations vary by country, state, and territory. Cannabis use is intended for adults only and is illegal in many jurisdictions. This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Cannabis products discussed here are not endorsed by MedicalResearch.com or Eminent Domains Inc. The effects of cannabis vary by individual, and some people may experience adverse reactions. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before using cannabis, particularly if you have a medical condition, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or are taking prescription medications. Do not use cannabis and drive or operate heavy machinery. Keep cannabis products out of reach of children and pets.

Understanding-Cannabis-Types-and-Their-Differences

Cannabis is a plant that has gained a lot of attention in recent years. You might have heard friends or adults talk about it, but do you really understand what it is? Cannabis comes in many different types, each with its own unique effects and uses. Learning about these cannabis types can help you understand why people use them and how they can affect our bodies and minds.

What Is Cannabis?

Cannabis is a flowering plant that has been used for thousands of years. It contains special compounds called cannabinoids, which can affect the human body in various ways. Two of the most well-known cannabinoids are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). THC is the compound that produces the feeling of being "high," while CBD is known for its calming effects without producing intoxication.

If you're interested in learning more about cannabis and possibly trying it out, you can visit https://gooddayfarmdispensary.com/dispensaries/ for information about local dispensaries and the various options they offer. Knowledge is key to making informed choices for your personal experience.

MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_74329" align="alignleft" width="150"]Chun Sing (Jason) Lam, PhDPostdoctoral Research Fellow Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Chun Sing Lam, PhD[/caption] Chun Sing (Jason) Lam, PhD Postdoctoral Research Fellow Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main supplements utilized by Americans? Response: Dietary supplement use is very common among U.S. adults, but patterns of use have changed substantially over time. The supplement market has expanded, with many products now marketed for different uses. But long-term national data are limited. In this study, we analyzed 25 years of nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, from 1999 through August 2023, including 63,442 U.S. adults. Overall supplement use increased from about 51% of U.S. adults in 1999–2000 to about 60% in 2021–2023. Use of four or more supplements also increased, from 8.8% to 15%. One notable finding was that multivitamin/multimineral use declined modestly while use of individual vitamins, minerals, and specialty supplements increased. One important finding was the increase among older adults. Supplement use among adults aged 65 years and older increased from about 62% to 78%, which was the largest increase among demographic subgroups. Notable increases were seen for vitamin D, zinc, vitamin K, biotin, vitamin B12, and omega-3. Emerging trends were also seen for non-vitamin non-mineral supplements such as turmeric/curcumin, probiotics/prebiotics, collagen, elderberry, ashwagandha, and hyaluronic acid. These trends likely reflect growing consumer interest in immune support, gut health, and skin and joint health.

Editor's Note: Cannabis laws and regulations vary by country, state, and territory. This interview is for educational purposes only. Cannabis products discussed here are not endorsed by MedicalResearch.com. Patients should consult their oncologist or healthcare provider before using any cannabis or cannabinoid product, particularly during cancer treatment. Cannabis products should not be used while driving, by children, if pregnant, nursing or planning to become pregnant or mixed with other substances that can affect cognition. Cannabis products may also be contraindicated in other medical conditions or situations.

MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this documentary? What are the primary components of cannabis plants? Response: I created Cannabis and Cancer because cannabis is now widely discussed by patients, clinicians, policymakers, and the general public, but there is still a lot of confusion about what the science actually says. Much of the public conversation treats cannabis as either broadly harmful or broadly beneficial. The reality is more complex. The documentary is meant to separate questions that are often conflated: whether cannabis exposure may influence the risk of developing cancer, whether cannabis use may affect cancer treatment or symptoms, and whether it may influence survival after a cancer diagnosis. These are very different scientific questions, and each one requires a different type of evidence. Cannabis plants contain many biologically active compounds. The most widely discussed are cannabinoids, especially THC and CBD. THC is the main intoxicating compound and is responsible for many of the psychoactive effects. CBD is not intoxicating in the same way, but it still has biological effects. Cannabis also contains other cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and plant compounds that may influence how different products affect the body.

[caption id="attachment_74204" align="aligncenter" width="500"]car-accident-injury-claims-discussed.png Unsplash[/caption] Just been in a car accident? You're likely stressed, sore, and looking at bills from doctors you never chose. The insurance company is already calling you. And no one is explaining to you what you can actually do. Here's the truth: Nine times out of ten, folks settle their car accident injury claim for much, much less than they're entitled to. It's not because the law is out to get them... It's because they don't know their rights. This guide breaks it down in plain English. Here's what's covered: What Counts As A Car Accident Injury Claim? Your Legal Rights After A Crash How Car Accident Compensation Actually Works Steps To Take Right After An Accident When To Bring In A Lawyer

[caption id="attachment_74143" align="aligncenter" width="500"]Conceptual illustration of AAV9-mediated delivery of the WWOX gene to neurons Conceptual illustration of AAV9-mediated delivery of the WWOX gene to neurons, representing the first clinical use of a gene replacement therapy designed to restore WWOX function in the brain of an infant with WOREE syndrome.Credit: Hebrew University of Jerusalem / AI-generated illustration[/caption] MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Prof. Rami Aqeilan Jacob M. Eisenberg and Thomas W. Baylek Chair for Medical Research in the field of Genetic Engineering Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel This therapy is based on more than a decade of research led by Prof. Rami Aqeilan, brought together with scientists, clinicians, and biotechnology leaders from Israel and the United States, including Dr. Naama Orenstein and Dr. Dror Kraus of Schneider Children's Medical Center and Dr. Yael Weiss, CEO of Mahzi Therapeutics.
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Would you briefly explain the functions of the WWOX gene? Response: WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase) is a highly conserved gene that plays essential roles in brain development, neuronal function, and cellular stress responses. Nearly two decades ago, our laboratory and others began studying WWOX because of its involvement in cancer biology. However, over the past decade it became increasingly clear that WWOX is also critical for normal brain development. Inherited loss-of-function mutations in WWOX cause a devastating neurological disorder known as WOREE syndrome (WWOX-Related Epileptic Encephalopathy). Affected children typically develop severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy during infancy, profound developmental delay, intellectual disability, and significant motor impairment. Unfortunately, there has been no disease-modifying therapy available for these patients. The foundation for this therapeutic approach came from years of fundamental research in our laboratory aimed at understanding the biological role of WWOX in the nervous system. Using genetically engineered mouse models, we discovered that deleting WWOX specifically in neurons was sufficient to reproduce the major neurological features observed in mice lacking WWOX throughout the entire body. This finding demonstrated that neuronal WWOX deficiency is a primary driver of the disease and suggested that restoring WWOX function in neurons might be sufficient to achieve therapeutic benefit. Based on this insight, we developed a gene replacement strategy designed to restore WWOX expression selectively in neurons using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. In preclinical studies, delivery of this vector into the brains of WWOX-deficient mice resulted in remarkable rescue of the disease phenotype. Treated animals exhibited normal behavior, elimination of seizures, and substantial correction of the neurological abnormalities associated with WWOX deficiency. These findings provided the critical proof-of-concept that neuronal gene replacement could effectively reverse key features of the disease and laid the scientific foundation for translating this approach toward clinical application in patients with WOREE syndrome.