Author: Marie Benz MD FAAD
17 Sep CDC Evaluates Effectiveness of Three COVID-19 Vaccines
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Scott Pauley Press Officer, News Media Branch Division of Public Affairs Office of the Associate Director for Communication MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?- In this real-world study of vaccine effectiveness:
- Researchers compared hospitalized patients who tested positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 (case patients) to hospitalized patients who tested negative for the virus (control patients)
- Vaccine effectiveness was calculated for each type of vaccine by comparing the proportion of cases patients and control patients vaccinated
- 3,689 patients were included (1,682 case-patients and 2,007 control-patients)
17 Sep More Parents Express Concern About HPV Vaccination, Yet Reported Adverse Reactions Fall
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58124" align="alignleft" width="133"] Dr. Sonawane[/caption]
Kalyani Sonawane, PhD
Assistant Professor of Management, Policy and Community Health
UTHealth School of Public Health in Houston
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Safety concern regarding the HPV vaccine is one of the most significant barriers to vaccination. Our objective was to determine how many US adolescents did not initiate the HPV vaccine during 2015-2018 because their parents had concerns regarding the vaccine’s safety.
We also analyzed vaccine adverse event reporting data, in parallel, to understand if the public sentiment of HPV vaccine safety is in alignment with evidence from the vaccine safety surveillance system.
17 Sep Patient Outcomes May Suffer When Physicians Work Part Time
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Hirotaka Kato, PhD Graduate School of Health Management Keio University MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Physicians are increasingly engaging in clinical practice on a part-time basis, but little is known about the quality of care provided by these physicians. In this analysis of nationally representative data of the elderly patients admitted to hospitals, we found that patients treated by hospitalists who worked more clinical days per year had significantly lower 30-day mortality compared with patients treated by hospitalists working fewer clinical days, even after accounting for the differences in severity of illness.
16 Sep HPV 16-18 During Pregnancy Linked to Preterm Birth
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Helen Trottier Ph.D
Assistant Professor, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine,
Researcher, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center
Université de Montréal
Montréal, Québec, Canada
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: We know that HPV infection can have serious consequences such as the development of cancerous lesions in the cervix. HPV infection is also very prevalent in young women of childbearing age but the possible consequences of HPV in pregnancy have been poorly studied. Some population registers around the world have shown a reduction in the risk of preterm birth with HPV mass vaccination, but we must be careful with this kind of ecological correlation.
We have set up a large cohort study in pregnant women to study the association between HPV in pregnancy and preterm birth by targeting certain HPV genotypes and the duration of the infection.
15 Sep Mt. Sinai Researchers Explore Polycomb Induced Skin Pigmentation, Without UV Light
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58114" align="alignleft" width="125"]
Dr. Ezhkova[/caption]
Elena Ezhkova, PhD
Professor, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology
Professsor, Dermatology
Lab Head,The Black Family Stem Cell Institute
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York
[caption id="attachment_58115" align="alignleft" width="125"]
Dr. Li[/caption]
Meng-Yen Li, PhD
Postdoctoral Fellow
The Black Family Stem Cell Institute
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: The epidermis is the primary barrier and the first line of defense to combat environmental stressors. The sun's ultraviolet (UV) is one of the main environmental stressors that our body is exposed to daily. UV produces DNA damage in epidermal cells and is a leading cause of skin cancers.
To protect from the damaging effects of UV, epidermal cells become pigmented by melanocytes, pigment-producing cells. Taken up by epidermal cells, the melanin pigment absorbs UV light and reduces DNA damage. How the epidermis senses UV and how it leads to epidermal pigmentation is poorly understood.
13 Sep USPSTF: Identifying Social Risk Factors Key to Improving Health Equity
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58111" align="alignleft" width="200"] Dr. Davidson[/caption]
Karina W. Davidson, Ph.D., M.A.Sc.
Professor of Behavioral Medicine
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University/Northwell Health
Chairperson, USPSTF
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: The social and economic conditions in someone’s life, such as whether or not they have secure food, housing, or transportation, can affect their health in multiple ways. As part of our commitment to improving health equity, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force took two key steps.
We both thoroughly reviewed the existing research around screening and interventions for social risk factors, and audited our own portfolio of recommendation statements to determine how and how often social risks have been considered in the past. This information serves as a benchmark and foundation for our ongoing work to further advance health equity through our methods and recommendations.
13 Sep Medicaid Expansion Linked to Improved in Hypertension and Diabetes Outcomes, especially in Minority Patients
Posted at 10:47h
in Author Interviews, Blood Pressure - Hypertension, Diabetes, JAMA, Race/Ethnic Diversity
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
[caption id="attachment_58077" align="alignleft" width="125"]
Dr. Cole[/caption]
Megan B. Cole, PhD, MPH
Assistant Professor | Dept. of Health Law, Policy, & Management
Co-Director | BU Medicaid Policy Lab
Boston University School of Public Health
Boston, MA 02118
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Under the Affordable Care Act, states were given the option to expand Medicaid eligibility to nonelderly adults with incomes up to 138% of the federal poverty level, where in January 2014, 25 states plus Washington, DC expanded eligibility, with 13 additional states expanding thereafter. State Medicaid expansion decisions were particularly consequential for federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), which serve nearly 30 million low-income, disproportionately uninsured patients across the US.
We know from earlier work that in the shorter-term, Medicaid expansion was associated with improvements in quality of care process measures and FQHC service capacity. However, we conducted the first known nationally representative study to examine how Medicaid expansion impacted key chronic disease outcome measures at FQHCs over the longer-term by looking at changes five years after implementation, including changes by race/ethnicity.
13 Sep Physically Active Lifestyle Linked to Lower Anxiety Risk, but Gender Differences Exist
Posted at 10:41h
in Author Interviews, Exercise - Fitness, Gender Differences, Mental Health Research
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
[caption id="attachment_58088" align="alignleft" width="200"] Martina Svensson[/caption]
Martina Svensson
Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory
Department of Experimental Medical Science
Lund University, Lund, Sweden
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: We followed almost 200,000 long-distance skiers for up to two decades and investigated how many of these skiers were diagnosed with anxiety disorders compared to people of the same sex and age in the general population. In total, the study included almost 400,000 people. (Previous studies have shown that Vasaloppet skiers are significantly more physically active than the general population.)
11 Sep Circadian Body Clock Helps Explain Why Asthma Worsens at Night
Posted at 12:42h
in Asthma, Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Circadian Rhythm, Occupational Health, PNAS, Pulmonary Disease, Sleep Disorders
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Frank Scheer, PhD, MSc
Professor and Director of the Medical Chronobiology Program
Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Steve Shea, PhD
Professor and Director
Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: For hundreds of years, people have observed that asthma severity often worsens in the nighttime. As many as 75 percent of people with asthma—20 million people in the U.S.—report experiencing worsening asthma severity at night.
One longstanding question has been to what degree the body’s internal circadian clock—as opposed to behaviors, such as sleep and physical activities—contributes to worsening of asthma severity. Our research used long term intensive monitoring throughout two circadian protocols in dim light and without time cues to carefully isolate the influence of the circadian system from the other factors that are behavioral and environmental, including sleep.
10 Sep Pronounced Regional Disparities in Methadone Availability in the United States
John A. Furst BS Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Methadone is an evidence-based pharmacotherapy for opioid detoxification, maintenance therapy, and pain management. However, accessibility of this treatment remains variable across much of the country. Methadone for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) is exclusively provided by federally regulated opioid treatment programs (OTPs) and has provoked significant community-based and legal controversy regarding its role in the management of this condition. This has created disparities related to the distribution and access of methadone throughout the United States (U.S.). The goal of this study1 was to highlight the most recent pharmacoepidemiologic trends associated with methadone in the face of unique restrictions at the local, state, and federal levels.
10 Sep Does CBD Function as a Sleep Aid?
You should always see a doctor first if you have poor sleep quality, have trouble falling asleep, or staying asleep before you start self-medicating with CBD....
08 Sep Mobile Stroke Units Result in Better Outcomes and Can be Cost Effective
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58061" align="alignleft" width="160"] Dr. Grotta[/caption]
James Grotta, MD
Director of Stroke Research
Clinical Institute for Research and Innovation
Memorial Hermann - Texas Medical Center
Director, Mobile Stroke Unit Consortium
University of Texas Health
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: We have good stroke treatments (thrombolysis and thrombectomy). Since the initial studies showing benefit of thrombolysis, it has been difficult to improve on the amount of benefit except by speeding its delivery; the earlier the treatment, the better the outcome. Biologically, treatment in the first hour is likely to have greatest benefit since the brain is less irreversibly damaged and the clot is more soluble.
But treatment in the first hour is rare if it is carried out in the emergency department. So MSUs take the emergency department to the patient. We know that Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs) can speed treatment; our study addressed if this be accomplished in the US, and how much difference does it make in outcome. In particular, outcomes important to patients given the probable costs of implementing MSUs.
08 Sep Basal Cell Skin Cancer: Watchful Waiting Better for Some Frail, Elderly Patients
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58071" align="alignleft" width="225"] Dr. van Winden[/caption]
Marieke van Winden MD MSc
PhD candidate Dermatology
Radboud Institute for Health Sciences
Department of Dermatology
Radboud University Medical Center
Nijmegen, the Netherlands
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What underlying conditions would factor in a decision for Watchful Waiting?
Response: Basal cell carcinomas are frequently treated because of the risk for progression, which can cause a significant morbidity due to local tissue invasion and destruction. However, most BCCs are characterized by a relatively indolent nature, growing slowly and frequently asymptomatically.
Because patients with a limited life expectancy might not live long enough to develop symptoms from basal cell carcinoma progression, they might not live long enough to benefit from treatment. Underlying conditions that determine life expectancy should therefore be considered when weighing BCC management options. When life expectancy is expected to be relatively short, and the consequences of watchful waiting (WW) are relatively low risk (low tumor burden expected within the remaining lifespan), WW should be considered.
07 Sep Increased Cost Sharing Linked to Patients Delaying Care for Appendicitis
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58033" align="alignleft" width="133"] Dr. Loehrer[/caption]
Andrew P. Loehrer, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology
Dartmouth-Hitchcock
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Patient cost sharing represents the portion of costs covered by insurance that individuals pay out of pocket, including deductibles, co-payment, and co-insurance. Cost sharing is increasingly common and also increasingly expensive for patients with commercial health insurance across the United States.
While designed to increase patient responsibility for health care spending, prior work has shown that higher cost sharing is also associated with decreased use of health care overall, both needed and discretionary. However, little work has been done as to how high cost sharing may affect common and costly conditions like acute appendicitis and acute diverticulitis.
07 Sep HPV Vaccination Will Gradually Prevent Many Oropharynx Cancers
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58056" align="alignleft" width="200"] Yuehan Zhang[/caption]
Yuehan (Jenny) Zhang, ScM
PhD Candidate in Cancer Epidemiology
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infectious virus worldwide. Oral HPV infection has resulted in a continual increase in the incidence of oropharynx cancer over the past two decades in the US.
New HPV infections are preventable with vaccines, which first entered use in the US in 2006.
07 Sep Total Steps Per Day Linked to Risk of Premature Death
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Amanda Paluch, PhD
Assistant Professor
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Department of Kinesiology
Institute for Applied Life Sciences
Life Science Laboratories
Amherst, MA 01003
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: We wanted to understand the association of total steps per day with premature mortality among middle-aged, Black and White women and men. This study included 2110 adults; age 38-50 years old at the start of this study. These adults wore a step counting device for one week and then followed for death from any cause over the next 10 years.
07 Sep Study Finds Little Evidence Recreational Marijuana Laws Encourage Youth Marijuana
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58049" align="alignleft" width="160"] Dr. Anderson[/caption]
Mark Anderson, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics
Montana State University, IZA, and NBER
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: In a previous study that was published in JAMA Pediatrics, we used Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data and found that the adoption of recreational marijuana laws (RMLs) was associated with an 8% decrease in the odds of marijuana use among high school students. This earlier study, however, had pre-legalization and post-legalization data from only 7 states and pre- and post-recreational sales data from only 3 states, calling into question the generalizability of our findings.
03 Sep COVID-19: Subtle Differences in Immune Response to Pfizer vs Moderna Vaccines
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58021" align="alignleft" width="147"] Dr. Wilson[/caption]
Jeffrey M. Wilson MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Allergy and Immunology
University of Virginia
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: To date there have been few head-to-head studies evaluating the immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines. Here we measured IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD in adults who received full vaccination with either the Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna vaccine. Our study is distinguished from many others because we developed a quantitative test with a read-out in standardized units (expressed as micrograms/mL).
We found that antibody levels to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain were lower in recipients of the Pfizer/BioNTech than Moderna vaccine. The difference in the antibody levels between vaccines was most evident in relatively older subjects.
03 Sep NEJM Study Finds Salt Substitute Linked to Reduced Risk of Stroke and Heart Attack
[caption id="attachment_58038" align="alignleft" width="265"]
Dr. Tian[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Maoyi TIAN PhD
Program Head, Digital Health and Head, Injury & Trauma
Senior Research Fellow
The George Institute
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: There is clear evidence from the literature that sodium reduction or potassium supplementation can reduce blood pressure. Reduced blood pressure can also lead to a risk reduction for cardiovascular diseases.
Salt substitute is a reduced sodium added potassium product combined those effects. Previous research of salt substitute focus on the blood pressure outcome. There is no evidence if salt substitute can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases or pre-mature death. This study provided a definitive evidence for this unaddressed question.
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings?
The main findings of the research were:
- The salt substitute reduced the risk of stroke by 14%
- The salt substitute reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events by 13%
- The salt substitute reduced the risk of pre-mature death by 12%
02 Sep COVID-19: Immunity Drops Significantly Six Months After Pfizer Vaccine in Both Nursing Home Residents and Health Care Workers
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58030" align="alignleft" width="160"] Dr. Canaday[/caption]
David H. Canaday, MD
Associate Director of Research
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Cleveland VA
Professor, Division of Infectious Disease,
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: We were interested in following up on a prior study where we determined that nursing home residents, and in particular those that were given the Pfizer shot who never had COVID-19 in the past, had 4 fold less antibodies against the key Spike protein of the coronavirus than did the group of health care workers who were the other group studied.
We wanted to see how those antibodies levels in these groups held up over 6 months.
02 Sep Study Links Antibiotics Use and Increased Subsequent Risk of Colorectal Cancer
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58026" align="alignleft" width="200"] Dr. Harlid[/caption]
Sophia Harlid, Ph.D.
Associate Professor/Docent in Molecular Epidemiology
Department of Radiation Sciences
Umeå University
Umeå, Sweden
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Antibiotics has previously been associated with in increased risk of colorectal cancer, with this study we were able to use comprehensive registry data to further break down and validate this relationship.
01 Sep USPSTF: Screening for Diabetes Should Begin at Age 35
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_57996" align="alignleft" width="133"] Dr. Chien-Wen Tseng[/caption]
Dr. Chien-Wen Tseng M.D., M.P.H., M.S.E.E.
Professor, Associate Research Director
Department of Family Medicine and Community Health
University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine
Hawaii Medical Service Association Endowed Chair
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main recommendations?
Response: Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States and raises a person’s risk for heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and even blindness and limb amputation.
The Task Force recommends screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults who are 35 to 70 years old and have overweight or obesity, which is one of the leading risk factors for diabetes. By screening, we can detect prediabetes and type 2 diabetes early and prevent these conditions from getting worse and leading to serious health problems.
28 Aug Prenatal Weight Influences Offspring Cognition and Behavior
Posted at 11:55h
in Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, JAMA, OBGYNE, Pediatrics, Weight Research
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
[caption id="attachment_57981" align="alignleft" width="200"] Dr. Oken[/caption]
Emily Oken MD MPH
Professor, Harvard Medical School
Professor in the Department of Population Medicine
Associate Director and Advisor, Oliver Wendell Holmes Society.
Professor, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: In this study of over 11,000 mothers and children, we found that a mothers with higher weight in late pregnancy had children with poorer performance on tests of cognition and behavior in childhood and adolescence.
The findings are consistent with results from studies in other populations around the world, as well as animal experiments. This research suggests that maternal nutrition is important for child health over the long-term, and specifically provides support for mothers to try to achieve healthy weight and nutritional status during pregnancy.
28 Aug COVID-19: Self-Administered At Home Antigen Testing Gives Results in 15 Minutes
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_58010" align="alignleft" width="170"] Dr. Holberger[/caption]
Laura Holberger, PhD
Vice President, Strategic Partnerships
Biolabs
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Dr. Laura Holberger is the lead author of a JNO article published today describing the results of a research study done on behalf of BioLabs, a global network of coworking laboratory spaces, and the Cambridge Consortium for Rapid COVID Tests (CCRCT).
BioLabs co-sponsored the study which helped validate a high-frequency testing protocol using an antigen test for COVID-19 under development by E25Bio Inc., a biotechnology company that develops rapid tests for infectious diseases. The study involved twice-weekly testing of members and affiliates working in person at coworking laboratories in Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts from September 2020 through March 2021.
28 Aug TV and Furniture Tip-Overs Injure Children Every Day
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_49551" align="alignleft" width="144"]
Dr. Gary Smith[/caption]
Gary A. Smith, MD, DrPH
Director, Center for Injury Research and Policy
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Columbus, OH
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Furniture and TV tip-overs are an important source of injury, especially for children younger than 6 years old. Our study found that an estimated 560,200 children younger than 18 years old were treated in U.S. emergency departments for furniture or TV tip-over injuries from 1990 through 2019. In 2019, there were 11,521 injured children, which is an average of one child every 46 minutes.
26 Aug Pronounced Declines in Prescription Fentanyl But Not Fentanyl Derivatives
Despite the ongoing efforts of all stakeholders to address the opioid epidemic, the United States continues to see worsening mortality data related to overdoses especially synthetic opioids like fentanyl....
26 Aug COVID-19: Awake Prone Positioning with Oxygen Therapy Reduced Treatment Failures
Posted at 12:43h
in Author Interviews, COVID -19 Coronavirus, Critical Care - Intensive Care - ICUs, Lancet, Pulmonary Disease
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
[caption id="attachment_58003" align="alignleft" width="200"] Dr. Jie Li[/caption]
Jie Li, PhD, RRT, RRT-ACCS, RRT-NPS, FAARC
Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences
Division of Respiratory Care
Rush University, Chicago
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Prone positioning has been shown to improve oxygenation and reduce mortality in intubated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as placing patients on their stomachs can help open alveoli and reduce ventilation to perfusion mismatch. At early pandemic, clinicians tried prone positioning for non-intubated patients with COVID-19 and found improvement in oxygenation. However, the evidence for patient outcomes such as intubation or mortality is still lacking. Thus we organized this international, multicenter, randomized controlled meta-trial, with 41 hospitals in 6 countries participated.
24 Aug Dementia Risk Lower in Patients with Cognitively Stimulating Jobs
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_57967" align="alignleft" width="80"] Prof Kivimaki[/caption]
Prof Mika Kivimaki PhD
Director, Whitehall II Study
Dept. of Epidemiology
University College London
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: The Lancet 2020 Commission on Dementia Prevention, which is the most comprehensive and up-to-date review on the evidence in this field, did not list cognitive stimulation in adulthood as a protective factor against dementia. This was because trials results are inconsistent and observational studies suggest that leisure time cognitive activity does not reduce risk of dementia.
However, it was unclear whether the reason for modest findings is that the decrease in brain plasticity with age prevents cognitive activities across adult life from conferring protection against dementia, or, in the case of interventions, that the cognitive stimulation studied has not been intensive or engaging enough to preserve cognitive function.
To address this question, we decided to focus on cognitive stimulation at work rather than leisure time cognitive activity or cognitive interventions. We thought that this approach would allow us to detect an effect, if there is one, because exposure to cognitive stimulation at work typically lasts considerably longer than cognitively stimulating hobbies or cognitive interventions.
We contacted 13 cohort studies in Europe which had data on cognitive stimulation at work. Seven had also a dementia follow-up and were selected to our analyses, a total of 107 896 dementia-free participants from the UK, France, Sweden and Finland. Follow-up of incident dementia varied between 13.7 to 30.1 years depending on the cohort. 1143 people developed dementia during this follow-up.
24 Aug Prostate Cancer: Effects of HIIT Program on Localized Disease
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_57975" align="alignleft" width="200"] Dr. Courneya[/caption]
Kerry S. Courneya, PhD
Professor and Canada Research Chair in Physical Activity and Cancer
Director, Behavioral Medicine Laboratory and Fitness Center
Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation | College of Health Sciences
University of Alberta | Edmonton, Alberta | CANADA
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: An increasing number of men with low risk prostate cancer (PCa) do not receive any immediate medical treatments for their PCa. This practice is called active surveillance (AS). It can be very stressful for men because about one-third of them will eventually experience disease progression and require medical treatments. Right now, there is nothing these men can really do for themselves other than to attend all of their follow-up medical visits. Some research has shown that exercise may slow the progression of prostate tumours and metastasis in animal models and improve quality of life in men during and after PCa treatments. Very little research, however, has been conducted in the AS setting. We wanted to see if a high intensity interval training exercise program could improve fitness and prevent or delay biochemical progression of PCa in the AS setting.