Author Interviews
21 Jan Melanoma Can Arise From Moles on the Soles and Palms
[caption id="attachment_20046" align="alignleft" width="149"]
Dr. Jennifer Stein[/caption]
More on Dermatology on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Jennifer A. Stein MD PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology
NYU Langone Medical Center
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Stein: Although acral melanoma is not a common cancer, it is the most common form of melanoma in African Americans. There is low awareness about acral melanoma, and it tends to get detected later and is more often fatal than other types of melanoma.
Our study looked at awareness of and the prevalence of pigmented lesions on the hands and feet. People with darker skin were more likely to have a pigmented lesion on their soles or palms than people with lighter skin. We found that more than half of the people in the study were not aware that they had a pigmented lesion on their feet. Our study found that most pigmented lesions on the hands and feet are benign, and that an imaging technique called dermsocopy can be used to distinguish benign from malignant acral lesions.
21 Jan Students At Elite Universities Also View Asians As The Model Minority
[caption id="attachment_20804" align="alignleft" width="200"]
Dr. Jerry Park[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Jerry Park, Ph.D.
Associate professor of sociology
Affiliate Fellow, Institute for Studies on Religion
Baylor's College of Arts & Sciences
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Park: Research has shown that media representations of Asian Americans tend stereotype them as a “model minority.” The implied message in those media-based stereotypes is that non-Asian American minorities must not be working hard enough to achieve the same upward mobility levels of Asian Americans.
So we wanted to know
1) whether these stereotypes inhabit the minds of college students and
2) whether those stereotypes are associated with beliefs about racial inequality.
Using data on a sample of white college students at very selective universities (e.g. Columbia, Northwestern, Rice, Stanford) we found that these students tended to rate Asian Americans (as a group) as more competent than Blacks or Latinos. Then we analyzed whether there was a relationship between this stereotype and attitudes that read: “Many [Blacks/ Latinos] have only themselves to blame for not doing better in life. If they tried harder they would do better.” We found that most students disagree with this statement moderately; however when we account for their beliefs about Asian American competence, their responses shift more toward agreement. This confirmed for us that this model minority stereotype is not just in the media but in the thinking of college students as well. And it’s associated with beliefs about other minority groups who are perceived as not working hard enough (as opposed to recognizing the realities of systemic discrimination).
21 Jan Tasmanian Devils Have Given Rise To Two Distinct Transmissible Cancers
[caption id="attachment_20795" align="alignleft" width="149"]
Dr. Murchison[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Elizabeth Murchison
Menzies Institute for Medical Research
University of Tasmania
Save the Tasmanian Devil Program
Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment
Hobart Australia
Department of Veterinary Medicine
University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Murchison: Transmissible cancers are cancers that can be transmitted between individuals by the transfer of living cancer cells. Transmissible cancers emerge only very rarely in nature, and until now only three examples were known. One of the three known naturally occurring transmissible cancers affects Tasmanian devils, the world’s largest carnivorous marsupial. This disease, which causes disfiguring facial tumours, was first observed in the late 1990s, and since then the disease has spread widely through the Tasmanian devil population. This transmissible cancer first emerged as a cancer in a single individual Tasmanian devil that probably lived about 30 years ago; this devil’s cancer cells have continued to survive by transmitting between hosts by biting.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Murchison: In late 2014, routine monitoring of the Tasmanian devil population led to the discovery of a male devil with facial tumours that resembled the known Tasmanian devil transmissible facial cancer. However, genetic analysis of this tumour indicated that the tumour in this devil was derived from a second transmissible cancer that was genetically unrelated to the first transmissible cancer in this species. Indeed, the genetic profile of this second cancer indicated that it had originally emerged from a male animal. This second cancer has subsequently been found in nine additional devils in the same part of Tasmania.
20 Jan Azithromycin Shortens Asthma Symptoms in Children
[caption id="attachment_19464" align="alignleft" width="133"]
Prof. Bisgaard[/caption]
More on Asthma on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Hans Bisgaard, MD, DMSc
Professor of Pediatrics
The Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Copenhagen
Head of the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood
University of Copenhagen and Naestved Hospital
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Bisgaard: Childhood asthma is often preceded by recurrent asthma-like symptoms in relation to airway infections in the first years of life. Bacteria and viruses are equally associated with the risk of episodes of asthma-like symptoms in these children, suggesting antibiotics as a potential treatment for such episodes.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Bisgaard: Our study demonstrates a clinically significant shortening of symptom duration by 63% after intervention. The effect size increased with early initiation of treatment, showing a reduction in episode duration of 83% if treatment was initiated before day 6 of the episode. Azithromycin was effective in shortening the episodes even though no pathogenic bacteria was detected. This study is, to our knowledge, the first randomized trial of azithromycin treatment of acute episodes of asthma-like symptoms in young children with a history of recurrent episodes.
20 Jan Better Nursing Environment Linked To Lower Hospital Mortality
Posted at 23:05h
in Author Interviews, JAMA, Nursing, Outcomes & Safety, Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania
More on Nursing Research on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
[caption id="attachment_20725" align="alignleft" width="178"]
Dr. Jeffrey Silber[/caption]
Jeffrey H. Silber, M.D., Ph.D.
The Nancy Abramson Wolfson Professor of Health Services Research
Professor of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology & Critical Care, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
Professor of Health Care Management
The Wharton School
Director, Center for Outcomes Research
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Response: We wanted to test whether hospitals with better nursing work environments displayed better outcomes and value than those with worse nursing environments, and to determine whether these results depended on how sick patients were when first admitted to the hospital.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Response: Hospitals with better nursing work environments (defined by Magnet status), and staffing that was above average (a nurse-to-bed ratio greater than or equal to 1), had lower mortality than those hospitals with worse nursing environments and below average staffing levels. The mortality rate in Medicare patients undergoing general surgery was 4.8% in the hospitals with the better nursing environments versus 5.8% in those hospitals with worse nursing environments. Furthermore, cost per patient was similar. We found that better nursing environments were also associated with lower need to use the Intensive Care Unit. The greatest mortality benefit occurred in patients in the highest risk groups.
20 Jan Frail Patients Much More Likely To Die After Surgery
More on Frailty on MedicalResearch.com MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_20747" align="alignleft" width="150"]
Dr. Daniel McIsaac[/caption]
Dr. Daniel I McIsaac, MD, MPH, FRCPC
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology
The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus
Ottawa, ON
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. McIsaac: Older age is a well-known risk factor for adverse outcomes after surgery, however, many older patients have positive surgical outcomes. Frailty is a syndrome that encompasses the negative health attributes and comorbidities that accumulate across the lifespan, and is a strong discriminating factor between high- and low-risk older surgical patients. By definition, frail patients are “sicker” than non-frail patients, so their higher rates of morbidity and mortality after surgery aren’t surprising. However, frailty increases in prevalence with increasing age, so as our population ages we expect to see more frail people presenting for surgery. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of frailty on postoperative mortality at a population-level, and over the first year after surgery to provide insights that aren’t available in the current literature, which largely consists of single center studies limited to in-hospital and 30-day outcome windows.
20 Jan Infectious Endocarditis: Skin, Mouth Are Most Frequent Portals of Entry
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: François Delahaye, MD, PhD Department of Cardiology Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon, France Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Response: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease, with an in-hospital mortality rate of about 20%. Five percent to 10% of patients will have additional episodes of IE. Thus, looking for and treating the portal of entry (POE) of IE is particularly important. The POE of the present episode must be identified in order to treat it. The potential POE of a new episode must be searched for in order to eradicate it and thus lower the risk for a new IE episode. Yet published research on this topic is nonexistent. The search for and treatment of the POE are not even mentioned in the guidelines on IE. We thus undertook a study of the performance of a systematic search for the portal of entry of the present episode of IE and of a potential new episode of Infective endocarditis. Patients were systematically seen by a stomatologist, an ear, nose, and throat specialist, and a urologist; women were systematically seen by a gynecologist; patients were seen by a dermatologist when there were cutaneous and/or mucous lesions. Colonoscopy and gastroscopy were performed if the microorganism came from the gastrointestinal tract in patients ≥ 50 years of age and in those with familial histories of colonic polyposis. Treatment of the portal of entry was systematically considered. Medical Research: What are the main findings? Response: The POEs of the present Infective endocarditis episodes were identified in 74% of the 318 included patients. The most frequent portal of entry was cutaneous (40% of identified POEs). It was mainly (62% of cutaneous POEs) associated with health care and with intravenous drug use. The second most frequent POE was oral or dental (29%). A dental infectious focus was more often involved (59% of oral or dental POEs) than a dental procedure (12%). POEs were gastrointestinal in 23% of patients. Colonic polyps were found in one-half of the patients and colorectal adenocarcinomas in 14%. Performance was good regarding the search for an oral or dental or a colonic potential POE, which were found in 53% and 40% of patients, respectively.20 Jan Parkinson’s Disease: No Benefit from Physical Therapy in Mild to Moderate Disease
[caption id="attachment_20653" align="alignleft" width="132"]
Prof. Carl Clarke[/caption]
More Interviews on Neurological Disorders on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Professor Carl E Clarke
Professor of Clinical Neurology and Honorary Consultant Neurologist Department of Neurology City Hospital
Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust
Birmingham UK
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Clarke: Parkinson's disease causes problems with activities of daily living that are only partially treated by medication and occasionally surgery. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy services like Ck Physio are traditionally used later in the disease, but it is unclear whether they are clinically and cost-effective in Parkinson's disease.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Clarke: We performed a large pragmatic randomised trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of individualized physiotherapy and occupational therapy in Parkinson's disease. The PD REHAB trial was a multicenter, open label, parallel group, controlled efficacy trial. 762 patients with mild-moderate Parkinson’s disease were recruited from 38 sites across the United Kingdom. For patients with mild to moderate Parkinson disease, there were no clinically meaningful benefits in activities of daily living or quality of life associated with physiotherapy and occupational therapy.
20 Jan Antipsychotics Raise Risk of Diabetes in Youth
Posted at 22:02h
in Author Interviews, Diabetes, JAMA, Mental Health Research, Pediatrics, Pharmacology
[caption id="attachment_20681" align="alignleft" width="210"]
Dr. Christoph Correll[/caption]
More on Mental Health on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Christoph U. Correll, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine
Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine
Hempstead, New York, USA
Investigator, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience
Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
Manhasset, New York,
Medical Director, Recognition and Prevention
The Zucker Hillside Hospital,
Department of Psychiatry
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Correll: Antipsychotics have been used increasingly for psychotic, but also for many non-psychotic conditions, including for disorders and conditions for which they have not received regulatory approval. Moreover, antipsychotics have been associated with weight gain and abnormalities in blood fat and blood glucose levels. Although data in youth have been less available than in children and adolescents, youth appear to be more sensitive to the cardiometabolic adverse effects of antipsychotics than adults in whom significant weight gain might have already occurred due to long-term prior antipsychotic treatment. Nevertheless, type 2 diabetes, which is related to weight gain, overweight and obesity, seemed to be more common in adults than youth, likely due to the fact that it takes a long time for the body to develop diabetes. Recently, several individual epidemiologic or database studies with sufficient long-term follow-up durations suggested that the type 2 diabetes risk was higher in youth exposed to antipsychotics than healthy control youth and, possibly, even compared to psychiatrically ill patients treated with non-antipsychotic medications. However, a meta-analytic pooling of all available data has not been available to estimate the absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes in youth receiving antipsychotic treatment.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Correll: The main findings of the study that meta-analyzed data from 13 studies with 185,105 youth exposed to antipsychotics (average age 14.1 and 59.5 percent male) are that the absolute rates of type 2 diabetes are fortunately still relatively low, i.e. a cumulative type 2 diabetes risk of 5.7/1,000 patients and an exposure adjusted incidence rate of 3.1/1,000 patient-years. Nevertheless, the cumulative risk of type 2 diabetes and its exposure adjusted incidence rate per patient were 2.6 times and three times higher compared with 298,803 healthy controls. Furthermore, the cumulative risk of type 2 diabetes and its exposure adjusted incidence rate per patient were 2.1 times and 1.8 times higher compared with 1,342,121 psychiatric patients not exposed to antipsychotics. Main modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes development in antipsychotic-treated youth were treatment with the antipsychotic olanzapine and longer antipsychotic exposure time.
20 Jan Transplantation Patients With Skin Cancer: Fewer New Tumors With Sirolimus
Posted at 21:29h
in Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Dermatology, JAMA, Melanoma, Transplantation
More on Dermatology from MedicalResearch.com
[caption id="attachment_20781" align="alignleft" width="115"]
Pritesh Karia[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Pritesh S. Karia, MPH
Manager-Dermatologic Oncology Research Program
Mohs and Dermatologic Surgery Center
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, MA 02130
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Response: Several recent studies have shown a reduced incidence of skin cancer in organ transplant recipients (OTR) treated with sirolimus as first-time therapy and those converted from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus. Although cancer formation is one of the main reasons for conversion to sirolimus, studies examining the effect of sirolimus on the risk of subsequent cancer formation in organ transplant recipients who have already been diagnosed with a post-transplant cancer are limited.
20 Jan Kids Who Use Tanning Beds More Likely To Use Drugs, Steroids
More on Dermatology on MedicalResearch.com [caption id="attachment_20775" align="alignleft" width="250"]
Tanning Bed CDC Image[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Myra Sendelweck M.Eng
M.D. Candidate 2018 and
Robert Dellavalle, MD, PhD, MSPH
Chief, Dermatology Service Denver VA Medical Center Denver, CO
University of Colorado School of Medicine
MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: Indoor tanning has increasingly been recognized amongst providers as a public health concern. Recent literature suggests an association between indoor tanning and other risky health behaviors in adolescents.
We were intrigued by this association. We analyzed a survey of Colorado high school students and found that those who tanned were also more likely to use various substances, such as steroids, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drugs. Tanners were over five times as likely to report steroid use!
20 Jan Water Jets In Schools Provide One Key To Reducing Childhood Obesity
More on Obesity from MedicalResearch.com MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_20772" align="alignleft" width="178"]
Dr. Brian Elbel[/caption]
Brian Elbel, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Medical Center
Amy Schwartz, PhD, Director, New York University Institute for Education and Social Policy, and the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Chair in Public Affairs, Syracuse University
Michele Leardo, MA, Assistant Director
New York University Institute for Education and Social Policy
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: New York City, as well as other school districts, is making tap water available to students during lunch by placing water dispensers, called water jets, in schools. Surprisingly, drinking water was not always readily available in the lunchroom. Water jets are part of a larger effort to combat child obesity.
We find small, but statistically significant, decreases in weight for students in schools with water jets compared to students in schools without water jets. We see a .025 reduction in standardized body mass index for boys and .022 for girls. We also see a .9 percentage point reduction in the likelihood of being overweight for boys and a .6 percentage point reduction for girls. In other words, the intervention is working.
20 Jan Heart Wall Thickness Linked To Ventricular Arrhythmias
More on Heart Disease on MedicalResearch.com [caption id="attachment_20766" align="alignleft" width="165"]
Dr. Yitschak Biton[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Yitschak (Yitsik) Biton, MD
Postdoctoral Research Fellow
University of Rochester Medical Center
Saunders Research Building
Heart Research Follow-Up Program
Rochester, NY
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Biton: Patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction have increased risk for sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias. The causes of these arrhythmias are thought to be adverse left ventricular remodeling and scarring. Cardiac resynchronization therapy has been previously shown to reverse the adverse process of remodeling and induce reduction in cardiac chamber volumes. Relative wall thickness is a measure of the remodeling process, and it could be classified into normal, eccentric and concentric. In our study we showed that the degree relative wall thickness in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and eccentric hypertrophy is inversely associated with the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore we showed the CRT treated patients who had increase in relative wall thickness (became less eccentric) had lower risk for ventricular arrhythmias.
20 Jan History of Bleeding Helps Predict Risk of Bleeding from Anticoagulants
More on Anticoagulants on MedicalResearch.com MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_20762" align="alignleft" width="159"]
Prof. De Caterina[/caption]
Prof. Raffaele De Caterina M.D., Ph.D
University Cardiology Division G. d'Annunzio University
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. De Caterina: There is uncertainty on how to predict bleeding upon treatment with anticoagulants, because bleeding risk scores and thromboembolic risk score fare very similarly in predicting bleeding, making the net clinical benefit difficult to assess in the single patient. Here we find that a history of bleeding – even minor bleeding – has an important prognostic value on the risk of future bleeding – virtually all sorts of future bleeding, with the notable exception of intracranial hemorrhage. Some novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), such as apixaban, studied here, reduce the risk of major bleeding, and appear to benefit independent of the bleeding history.
20 Jan Does Slow Heart Rate Signal Increased Heart Disease or Mortality Risk?
[caption id="attachment_20753" align="alignleft" width="200"]
Dr. Ajay Dharod[/caption]
More on Heart Disease on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Ajay Dharod, M.D.
Coordinator of Medical Informatics
Department of Internal Medicine
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Dharod: There is a relative paucity of data regarding asymptomatic bradycardia in adults free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Are individuals with low heart rates simply healthy individuals with a non-clinically significant finding or is there a subclinical disease process? That was the question that generated this study. Until now, there had not been any research to determine if a slow heart rate contributed to the development of cardiovascular disease. We found that a heart rate (HR) of less than 50 was not associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease in participants regardless of whether they were taking Heart Rate-modifying drugs, such as beta blockers and calcium channel blockers. However, we did find a potential association between bradycardia and higher mortality rates in individuals taking HR-modifying drugs.
20 Jan Poor Diet Means Poor Sleep
More on Sleep on MedicalResearch.com MedicalResearch.com Interview with: [caption id="attachment_20750" align="alignleft" width="150"]
Dr. Marie St-Onge[/caption]
Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Ph.D, FAHA
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine
New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center
Institute of Human Nutrition
College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University
New York, NY 10032
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. St-Onge: We have shown that sleep affects food intake: restricting sleep increases energy intake, particularly from fat (others also find increased sugar intake). We wanted to know if the reverse was also true: does diet affect sleep at night?
Medical Research: What should clinicians and patients take away from your report?
Dr. St-Onge: Diet quality can play an important role in sleep quality. Sleep can be affect after only a single day of poor dietary intakes (high saturated fat and low fiber intakes). It is possible that improving one’s diet can also improve their sleep.
19 Jan Low Birth Weight Linked To Early Puberty and Shortened Stature
More on Obgyne on MedicalResearch.com MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Sandra Schulte (candidate Medicine) University Hospital Bonn Dept. Ped. Endocrinology and Diabetology MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Low birth weight, unfavourable intrauterine conditions and post-natal catch-up-growth are associated with impaired growth, accelerated pubertal maturation and metabolic disturbances later in life. However, normally, study designs cannot rule out the influence of different genetic backgrounds and familiar environments between their subjects and control groups. Therefore, we recruited a very special study cohort, solely composed of monozygotic twins. These twins had significant differences in birthweight, due to twin-to-twin-transfusion-syndrome (TTTS). Because of irregular placental anastomoses, one twin, the recipient, receives more blood becoming hypertensive and polyuric, leading to polyhydramnios and ultimately congestive heart failure and hydrops fetalis. In contrast, the donor twin becomes hypovolemic, hypotensive and oliguric, leading to oligohydramnios and growth restriction. We followed 30 pairs of these twins regularly from birth up to this current follow-up at a mean age of 14.6 years, to examine the impact of a lower birthweight on auxologic development and pubertal maturation later in life.19 Jan Sleep Fragmentation Linked To Damaged Brain Blood Vessels
[caption id="attachment_20628" align="alignleft" width="200"]
Dr. Andrew Lim[/caption]
More on Sleep Research on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Andrew Lim MD, FRCPC
Assistant Professor Neurology
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Toronto, ON
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Lim: Our group had previously shown that sleep fragmentation is associated with an increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline. However, there were gaps in what we knew about underlying brain changes that may link sleep fragmentation with these neurological outcomes. Experiments in mice and other animals suggested that damage to blood vessels may be one potential mechanism.
In this study of 315 older individuals who had their sleep measured using wrist-watch like accelerometers, we found that individuals who had the most fragmented sleep were also more likely to have more severe damage to brain blood vessels and blood-vessel related brain injury at death.
19 Jan Survival from Cardiac Arrest Worse on Higher Floors of Buildings
More on Heart Disease on MedicalResearch.com MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Ian R Drennan ACP PhD(c) Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto Rescu, St. Michael's Hospital Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Drennan : Over the last number of years there has been an increase in the number of people living in high-rise buildings in many major urban centres. Research has shown that there are increased 911-response times for medical calls that occur in high-rise buildings. After a patient collapses in cardiac arrest, the chance of survival decreases by about 7-10% per minute without intervention. However, the impact living in high-rise buildings has on cardiac arrest care and survival remains unknown. Medical Research: What are the main findings? Dr. Drennan : In this study in Toronto and neighbouring Peel Region we found that there was a significant decrease in survival between cardiac arrests that occurred in private residences on or above 3 floors compared to those that occurred below 3 floors (4.2% vs. 2.6%). Only 0.9% of cardiac arrests that occurred above the 16th floor survived and there were no survivors above the 25th floor. We also found that there was nearly a 2 minute delay in 911-response from when an emergency vehicle arrived on scene to when the 911-first responders arrived at the patient’s side when they were required to respond to the higher floors.19 Jan Shopping For Food At Walmart Not Necessarily Bad For You
[caption id="attachment_20719" align="alignleft" width="200"]
Dr. Lindsey Taillie[/caption]
More on Nutrition on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Lindsey Taillie PhD
Research Assistant Professor
Department of Nutrition
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Taillie: Walmart is the US’ biggest grocer retailer. With over 50% more sales than the next largest grocery retailer, Kroger, Walmart has a major influence on what Americans buy and eat. Previous research suggests this growing dominance of Walmart could also contributing to our growing waistlines: Walmart has been linked to less healthy food purchases and higher levels of obesity. At the same time, public health scientists and advocates are also increasingly concerned about ensuring that everyone—and especially the poor—have access to healthy food stores to buy fruits, vegetables and other nutritious foods.
But what’s a healthy store? Typically we think of these as traditional grocery stores and supermarkets, but not massive supercenters like Walmart (or convenience or drug stores). However, it’s very difficult to actually test how stores affect the healthfulness of our diets. For example, the reason why some food store purchases seem healthier is because more health-conscious consumers shop there to begin with, not necessarily because the food is actually healthier. Where stores choose to locate is not random, either—stores like Walmart might choose to open a store in a certain neighborhood because of other characteristics (low rent, more space, etc.), which themselves can be associated with poor diets and more obesity. People also shop at more than one type of food store, so unhealthy foods at one store might offset healthier foods purchased at another.
18 Jan CRISPR Editing May Lead To Genetic Treatment of Retinitis Pigmentosa
More on Gene Therapy on MedicalResearch.com [caption id="attachment_20741" align="alignleft" width="200"]
Dr. Benjamin Bakondi[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Benjamin Bakondi, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Scientist
Laboratory of: Shaomei Wang, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute Director: Clive N. Svendsen, Ph.D.
Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center;
Dept. of Biomedical Sciences
Los Angeles, CA 90048
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Bakondi: Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited disease that causes progressive retinal degeneration and continual vision loss. Over 130 mutations have been identified in over 60 genes that cause RP. Gene replacement therapy is being evaluated for the recessive form of RP, in which both inherited alleles are dysfunctional. Retinitis Pigmentosa arising from dominant mutations however, would not benefit from such a strategy, and alternative options have not demonstrated clear efficacy.
The idea for a therapeutic based on our approach is to use CRISPR/Cas9 to ablate the mutant copy of an allele and leave the wild-type copy unaffected. Barring haploinsufficiency, the wild-type allele should restore function and prevent retinal degeneration at levels commensurate with Cas9 cleavage efficiency. Our experimental findings provide proof-of-principle that a single DNA nucleotide difference in the genomic sequence between mutant and wild-type genes is enough to distinguish the mutant transcript for Cas9 cleavage with high fidelity. Eliminating production of the mutant rhodopsin protein prevented retinal degeneration and preserved vision. While Cas9/gRNA delivery improvement is underway, it should be noted that translational applicability of this approach is restricted to dominant mutations, not all of which may be targetable for ablation therapy.
18 Jan Vitiligo: Combination therapy with excimer laser and topical agents improves outcomes
More on Dermatology on MedicalResearch.com [caption id="attachment_20722" align="alignleft" width="200"]
Dr. Jung Min Bae[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Jung Min Bae, MD, PhD
Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's Hospital,
College of Medicine
The Catholic University of Korea,
Suwon Korea
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Response: Vitiligo is one of the major challenging skin diseases. Although a number of interventions have been done in the treatment of vitiligo, no definitive curative treatment exists. Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy is considered the mainstay of vitiligo treatment, and 308-nm excimer laser/light therapy has gained popularity for localized vitiligo. However, they are not effective in all patients with vitiligo, and the combination therapies with topical agents are widely applied to increase the response rates of these treatment modalities in clinical practice. We sought to compare the efficacy of excimer laser/light and topical agent combination therapy versus excimer laser/light monotherapy for vitiligo. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials in this subject.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Response: According to our study, the combination therapy of excimer laser/light and topical calcineurin inhibitors showed almost a two-fold increase in treatment success rate (≥75% repigmentation) compared to excimer laser/light monotherapy (relative risk 1.93). The combination therapy also reduced the treatment failure rate (<25% repigmentation) by almost half (relative risk 0.43). Addition of topical vitamin-D3 analogs or topical corticosteroids on excimer laser/light showed insufficient evidence to support their use in combination therapies yet. Considering the difficulites in complete recovery of vitiligo, the combination therapies enhancing the treatment response are promising.
18 Jan Negative Comments From Mothers Influence Asian Girls’ Body Image
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Samuel Chng PhD Researcher in Psychology Applied to Health University of Exeter Medical School St Luke’s campus Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: The study was conceptualised from the curious question from my childhood, “How did my parents influence my behaviours?” Together with my co-author, Dr. Daniel Fassnacht, we decided to explore how a specific form of parental influence, their comments, would influence the development of disordered eating symptoms. From studies conducted with Western samples that parental comments play a role in the development of eating disorder symptoms, and body dissatisfaction is one of the more studied mediator of this relationship. However, we could not find any study that investigated the influential nature of parent comments in Asia. So, we decided to focus our study on Asian parents and their children. Singapore, a developed Asian country that continues to have strong familial roots, provided an ideal population for our study, and we would expect, the relationships we found indicated some potential differences in amongst Asian families. We found that young women, compared to young men, in Singapore generally reported higher levels of parental comments (about their weight, body shape and eating habit), body dissatisfaction and disordered eating symptoms. However what we found for both young women and men was that negative comments from mothers (for example, ‘You need to lose weight’) was the only category of comments that predicted disordered eating and this was mediated by the presence of body dissatisfaction. Positive comments from parents, though suggested from past studies to be a protective factor, did not influence body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.18 Jan Childhood Cancer Survivors Need Better Long Term Care Follow up
More Cancer Research on MedicalResearch.com [caption id="attachment_20709" align="alignleft" width="156"]
Dr. Erin Hahn[/caption]
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Erin E. Hahn, PhD, MPH
Research Scientist
Southern California Permanente Medical Group
Kaiser Permanente Research
Department of Research & Evaluation
Pasadena, CA 91101
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Hahn: Adolescent and young adults, or AYAs, who are diagnosed and treated for Hodgkin lymphoma have very high overall survival rates. However, these patients are at high risk for short and long term health issues related to their cancer treatment, including cancer recurrence, cardiac and pulmonary problems, and developing new primary cancers. Some of these issues arise during treatment and persist over time, called long-term effects, and some develop years later, called late effects.
Evidence and consensus based guidelines are available from organizations like the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the Children’s Oncology Group to help manage the post treatment care of Adolescent and young adults Hodgkin lymphoma survivors. Examining adherence to guidelines is an important part of high quality care, and can help us find and address gaps in care.
Guideline recommended care for these patients includes: oncology visits, imaging and labs, preventive care, counseling and education, risk based screening for late effects. Risk-based screening is based on a patient’s treatment. The type of health screening a patient needs is determined by the treatment exposure they had, such as certain types of chemotherapy or high-dose radiation that have known late effects
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Hahn: For this pilot study, I was interested to see if post-treatment Adolescent and young adults Hodgkin lymphoma patients in an integrated health care system received recommended short and long term care. The study setting is Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC). KPSC provides care for almost 4 million members with 14 medical centers, and they have a long-standing electronic medical record.
For our population, we included AYA patients diagnosed with classical Hodgkin lymphoma between 15 and 39 years of age, diagnosed between 2000 and 2010. We wanted to find patients who were diagnosed, treated, and followed for at least 2 years within this single system. We have a sample of 354 patients, which is great. It has been traditionally difficult to find and follow these patients/obtain accurate medical information that isn’t only self-report data. We were able to extract chemotherapy, radiation, and other care details from the electronic medical record.
We first looked at receipt of short term recommended care, within the first year after treatment had ended. We looked specifically at oncology visits, use of recommended CT scan and lab tests, and preventive care, such as the flu vaccine. The great majority of patients had the recommended oncology visits, CT scan, and lab tests. However, receipt of the flu vaccine was lower, at 20%. When we looked at a composite measure of all 4 recommended services, only about half of the patients received all four recommended services within the first year after treatment.
We also looked at use of a longer term recommended service for cardiac issues. Cardiac screening is recommended for patients who are 10 years out from their treatment and who received high-dose anthracyclines, plus radiation to the chest. This is the highest risk group for cardiac damage. Almost everyone received annual blood pressure screening, but only about 30% received screening with an electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, or MUGA scan.
18 Jan Glaucoma Patients Might Want To Avoid Downward Dogs
More on Ophthalmology on MedicalResearch.com MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Robert Ritch, MD, FACS Shelley and Steven Einhorn Distinguished Chair Professor of Ophthalmology Surgeon Director Emeritus and Chief, Glaucoma Services Founder, Medical Director and Chairman, Scientific Advisory Board The Glaucoma Foundation Jessica V. Jasien MEn Einhorn Clinical Research Center The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai New York, NY 10003 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the United States and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most common known risk factor for glaucomatous damage. At the current time, IOP is the only modifiable risk factor for which treatment has a proven effect on preventing or slowing the progress of the disease. The story behind this study goes back to 1980, when we saw a 45-year-old woman with severe damage from normal-tension glaucoma, which then was thought to be a disease of the elderly and also thought to be rare, which we now realize was erroneous. The causes of normal-tension glaucoma were also poorly understood. It turned out on questioning that this particular patient had been performing yoga and standing on her head for 20 minutes a day for 20 years. We measured her IOP in this position and it rose from 15 mmHg in the sitting position to 60 mmHg. When measured lying flat, it was 30 mmHg. We measured everyone working in the department standing on their heads and the IOP roughly doubled in each of them. This was our first inkling that marked changes in IOP could result from changes in body position. The background for this study came from the lack of knowledge of IOP rises during yoga inversions, other than the headstand position. We looked at four common inverted yoga positions in glaucoma patients and healthy patients who were all experienced in practicing yoga. The four positions tested were downward facing dog, plow, legs up the wall, and forward bend. Each position showed a direct increase in IOP immediately assuming the yoga position, however the IOP dropped once assuming the seated position after two minutes in the yoga position. The most significant increase in IOP was seen during the downward facing dog position. IOP of each study participant was taken seated (baseline), immediately assuming the yoga position, which was held for two minutes, again at the two minutes of the yoga position, immediately in the seated position following the yoga position, and again after 10 minutes in the seated position. Each position was tested once in this order of IOP measurements.18 Jan Study Identifies Differences in Omega-6 vs Omega-3 in Brain Development
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Dr. Noriko Osumi[/caption]
More on Lipids on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Noriko Osumi, DDS, PhD
Director, Center for Neuroscience
Professor, Department of Developmental Neuroscience
Tohoku University School of Medicine
Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Osumi: Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are known to be important for brain growth.
This is mainly because many researchers have shown that imbalance between these fatty acids during pregnancy causes several defects in future brain functions both in humans and rodents.
Therefore, we asked the underlying mechanism how maternal intake of the omega-6 excess/omega-3 deficient dietary impairs brain development in mice using genetical rescue and comprehensive lipidomics together with neural stem cell biology.
We have shown how these fatty acids affect brain growth, and revealed its molecular and cellular mechanisms.
In particular, the reduced thickness of the cortex is due to precocious gliogenesis following neurogenesis, which may include epoxide metabolites of omega-6 fatty acids.
17 Jan Suicide Risk Elevated in Patients and Relatives With Eating Disorders
Posted at 17:30h
in Author Interviews, Eating Disorders, JAMA, Karolinski Institute, Mental Health Research
More on Eating Disorders from MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Shuyang Yao, MSc
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Response: Suicide risk is much higher in individuals with eating disorders than individuals without the disorders. The mechanism underlying the high suicide risk in eating disorders (i.e., why?) is not clear. Large studies and genetically informative designs can help us understand the nature of the association between suicide attempts and eating disorders.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
1) Eating disorders are associated with increased risk of suicide attempts and death by suicide.
2) Increased risk of suicide attempts is also found in relatives of individuals with eating disorders.
3) Some, but not all of the increased risk for suicide in individuals with eating disorders is accounted for by the presence of comorbid major depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders.
16 Jan Beyoncé, Pitbull, Feature Alcohol in Music Videos Aimed at Young People
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Dr. Joanne Cranwell[/caption]
More on Alcohol on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr Joanne Cranwell PhD, CPsychol
The UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies
School of Medicine
Division of Epidemiology & Public Health
Clinical Sciences Building
University of Nottingham
MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Cranwell: We conducted this particular study because it is well established that adolescent exposure to alcohol and tobacco in the media, such as film, television, and paid for advertising are determinants of subsequent alcohol and tobacco use in young people. The extent of potential exposure has been transformed over the past decade by the emergence of social media, in which exposure to pro-tobacco content has also been linked to favourable attitudes towards tobacco, including intention to smoke, in young non-smokers.
Our previous published research highlighted that popular YouTube music videos contain tobacco and substantial alcohol content, including branding. Alcohol advertising is largely self-regulated by the alcohol industry and the Portman Group who speaks on behalf of the UK drinks industry. The Advertising Standards Authority also provides guidance on marketing of alcohol products in the UK. Broadly speaking the guidelines from these three regulators state that “Marketing communications for alcoholic drinks should not be targeted at people under 18 and should not imply, condone or encourage immoderate, irresponsible or anti-social drinking”. However the extent to which adults and adolescents are exposed to tobacco or alcohol content from YouTube at a population level has not been quantified. In this new study we have therefore estimated population exposure to tobacco and alcohol impressions, defined as appearances in 10-second intervals in a sample of popular videos, in the British adolescent and adult population.
16 Jan Brain-Based Signatures May Help Optimize Anesthesia Dose
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Dr. Srivas Chennu[/caption]
More on Anesthesiology on MedicalResearch.com
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Srivas Chennu, PhD
Senior Research Associate
Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
Visiting Scientist, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
College Research Associate, Homerton College
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Chennu: Scientific understanding of how brain networks generate consciousness has seen rapid advances in recent years, but the application of this knowledge to accurately track transitions to unconsciousness during general anaesthesia has proven difficult. Crucially, one reason for this is the considerable individual variability in susceptibility to anaesthetic dosage.
To better understand the factors underlying this variability, we measured interconnected, oscillatory brain activity ('brain networks'), using non-invasive, high-density electroencephalography (EEG) from healthy volunteers while they were sedated with the common anaesthetic propofol. Alongside, we measured their behavioural responsiveness, and the actual concentration of the drug in their blood plasma.