MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dmitry Yaranov, MD
Danbury Hospital
Western Connecticut Health Network
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Yaranov: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke (CVA) that is not included in the usual cardioembolic risk assessments for patients with atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of OSA on CVA rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. We found that Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with atrial fibrillation is an independent predictor of CVA and this association may have important clinical implications in CVA risk stratification. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Timothy R. Smith, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H.
Pituitary/Neuroendoscopy Fellow
Department of Neurosurgery
Brigham & Womens Hospital
Harvard University Boston, MA 0211
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Smith: Defensive medicine is the practice of prescribing unnecessary medical treatment for fear of being sued – it is widely practiced in the United States and contributes to our rising healthcare costs. In high-risk specialties such as neurosurgery, the fear of litigation leads to defensive practices that actually impact clinical decisions. A 2009 American College of Emergency Physicians report created malpractice risk profiles for each state based on its legal atmosphere, tort reform, and insurance availability. Based on these profiles, each state was ranked from 1 to 50 and sorted into separate categories, ranging from A, for the best liability environment, to F, for the worst. We sent a 51-question, anonymous online survey, which covered topics ranging from patient characteristics to surgeon liability profiles, to board-certified US neurosurgeons in the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The purpose was to determine how neurosurgeons’ perceptions of their medico-legal environments correlated with these established state risk profiles, as well as whether each state’s liability risk environment was a predictor of defensive medical practices.
We found that though the average malpractice insurance premium was $103,000 per year, neurosurgeons from high-risk states paid significantly more ($128,000) than those from low-risk states did ($75,000). Even with these amounts, almost 70% of respondents felt that their insurance coverage was inadequate, and 90% felt that the insurance premium was a financial burden. Neurosurgeons from high-risk states were also twice as likely to have been sued as those from low-risk states were. More than 80% of respondents ordered additional imaging for defensive medical purposes, and more than 75% said they ordered additional laboratory tests and made unnecessary referrals for defensive purposes; this behavior was more prevalent in high-risk states. After controlling for important confounders, we found that for every letter-grade change from “A” to “F”, neurosurgeons are 1.5 times more likely to engage in defensive behaviors. For example, moving from a “D” state to an “A” state represents 4.5 fold difference in defensive behaviors.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Byron Caughey, PhD
Senior Investigator
Rocky Mountain Laboratories
National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Institutes of Health
Hamilton, Montana 59840
MedicalResearch: What...
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
David M. Lee PhD MPH
Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research
The University of Manchester Manchester UK
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: These data on sexual health and wellbeing were collected in the latest phase of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). ELSA is a representative survey of a cohort aged 50 to >90 years, and has gathered detailed longitudinal data since 2002 on changes in health, economic and social circumstances as people prepare for and move into retirement and old age.
Our research asked over 7000 men and women taking part in ELSA a wide range of questions about their sexual lives; including their attitudes to sex, how sexually active they were and what problems and concerns they experienced with their sexual health.
Around two-thirds of men and over half of women in this survey thought ‘good sexual relations were essential to the maintenance of a long-term relationship’ or ‘being sexually active was physically and psychologically beneficial to older people’.
We found that half of men and almost a third of women aged 70 and over were still sexually active, with around a third of these sexually active older people having sexual intercourse twice a month or more. Sexual problems were relatively common, however, with a third of sexually active women reporting difficulties becoming sexually aroused or achieving orgasm. For men difficulties getting and maintaining an erection was the most common problem, reported by 40% of those who were sexually active. Chronic health conditions and poor self-rated health seemed to have more obvious negative impacts on the sexual health of men compared to women.
Men were more concerned about their sexual activities and function than women and, with increasing age, these concerns tended to become more common. Take a look at Men's Review Zone for help with and solutions for any problems you may be experiencing. Sexually active women were less dissatisfied with their overall sex lives than men, and also reported decreasing levels of dissatisfaction with increasing age.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Richard J. Holden, PhD Assistant Professor
Department of BioHealth Informatics
Indiana University
School of Informatics and Computing – Indianapolis
Indianapolis, IN 46202
Medical Research: What was your motivation for this study?Dr. Holden: Many patients arrive in the emergency room with acute heart failure (AHF), a worsening of their chronic heart failure condition. These visits and subsequent hospital admissions and readmissions for acute heart failure represent a sizeable cost in the US healthcare system. Evidence suggests that some of these cases could be prevented if patients were better able to perform self-care activities such as monitoring their symptoms, taking medications, getting exercise, and maintaining a sodium-restricted diet. However, in community-based studies that we and others have done, patients with heart failure face a variety of barriers to optimally performing self-care. We therefore created an instrument to assess barriers to self-care, which we designed to be implemented in the emergency room. We tested the instrument with 31 patients with acute heart failure at Vanderbilt University’s adult Emergency Department.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?Dr. Holden: Almost everyone who participated reported experiencing barriers to self-care. A median of 15 barriers per patient were reported. Of the 47 barriers that we tested, 34 were reported by at least one quarter of participants. The top ten most prevalent barriers included individual-level factors such as physical disability, disease knowledge, and memory deficits as well as factors related to the organization of home life, including major disruptions such as holidays. Other barriers were related to inadequate health information, low literacy, and lack of resources. Many barriers interacted with one another, for example, lack of transportation yet not wanting to rely on others. We found that the instrument could be feasibly administered within a short period following the patient’s emergency room arrival.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Xuemei Sui, MD, MPH, PhD
Assistant Professor Department of Exercise Science
Graduate Director Division of Health Aspects of Physical Activity
Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Dr. Sui: Previous studies have established that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), an indicator of regular physical activity, and body compositions with higher fat mass serve as risk factors for cardiovascular disease and predictors of deaths related to cardiovascular disease. These studies have examined long-term trends of fatness (i.e., body fat) and cardiorespiratory fitness in children, adolescents and men, but few have looked at these factors in female populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate secular change of cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition during 35 years in a large sample of women enrolled in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study.
13 037 women aged 20 to 64 were enrolled in our study from January first, 1970, through December 31st, 2004. We divided our participants into 2 age groups, and divided 35 years into 7 time groups. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by maximal treadmill testing using a modified Balke protocol, and the percentage of body fat was assessed by hydrostatic weighing or the sum of 7 skinfold measures, following standardized protocols. According to percent body fat, we divided body composition into fat mass and fat free mass.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Sui: The data showed that body mass index (BMI) increased over the 35-year period even though cardiorespiratory fitness levels rose as well. By looking at the body composition of the participants along with their BMIs, the researchers were able to observe that their body fat did not increase. This finding suggests that the weight gains that led to higher BMIs over time were not necessarily comprised of body fat. Participants may have been putting on muscle mass due to their increased physical activity, as indicated by their higher cardiorespiratory fitness.
Another interesting finding was that when leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) reaches 668.5 MET min/wk, cardiorespiratory fitness stays at a higher level. So in order to improve cardiorespiratory fitness for physically inactive women, we should encourage them to meet this level. The drift downward in cardiorespiratory fitness among women indicates the need for continuing efforts to promote their physical activity and fitness.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Professor Jackie Ying
Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
The Nanos, Singapore
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: The Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN) has developed a paper-based disposable device that will allow dengue-specific antibodies to be detected easily from saliva within 20 minutes.
Currently, dengue infection is diagnosed in the laboratory by testing the patient’s blood sample for the presence of dengue antigens or antibodies. IBN’s device, on the other hand, is capable of detecting IgG, a dengue-specific antibody found at the onset of secondary infections, directly from saliva in one step.
Unlike blood samples, saliva can be collected easily and painlessly for rapid point-of-care diagnostics. However, unlike other body fluids, it cannot be applied directly to commercially available test kits as it would cause the sensor nanoparticles to stick haphazardly to the test strip. In addition, conventional paper-based tests are not designed to handle the larger sample volume of saliva required.
As described in the journal Lab on a Chip, the IBN researchers used an innovative stacking flow design to overcome key challenges faced by existing lateral flow devices, which are not designed to handle large volume of saliva samples.
In IBN’s device, different flow paths are created for samples and reagents through a multiple stacked system. This allows the saliva sample to flow separately through a fiber glass matrix, which removes the substances that would interfere with the nanoparticle-based sensing system before it mixes with the sensor nanoparticles. IBN’s device configuration also helps to regulate the flow in the test strip, generating uniform test lines for more accurate results.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Samuel Dominguez MD
Departments of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Dominguez: Due to global poliovirus eradication efforts, clusters of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and/or cranial nerve dysfunction in children are rare and associated with few pathogens, primarily enteroviruses and flaviviruses. Our study reports the first geographically and temporally defined cluster of acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction in children associated with an outbreak of EV-D68 respiratory illness, strengthening the potential link between EV-D68 and neurologic disease in children.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Miss Charlotte Vrinten, MSc, BA, BSc
Research psychologist
Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
University College London
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: Many people are afraid of getting cancer, but fear doesn’t have the same effect on everyone. For some people, cancer fear motivates them to get checked up, for others it puts them off finding out whether they have cancer. No-one before has worked out why fear might have such opposite effects. We hypothesized that it might be due to how people experience fear, because some fearful people tend to worry a lot about cancer, while others feel physically uncomfortable thinking about it. In our study, instead of using a combined measure of cancer fear as is often done, we distinguished these different aspects of fear to see whether they had different effects on people’s decisions about cancer screening. We found that the effect of cancer fear depended on the type of fear: worriers were more likely to want to get screened for colon cancer, but those who felt uncomfortable thinking about cancer were 12% less likely to go for the test. Twelve percent may not seem like a lot, but given that tens of thousands of people are eligible for this type of screening, it means a big difference in the number of people actually having the test.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Peter White, Ph.D.
Principal Investigator, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis
Director, Biomedical Genomics Core
Director of Molecular Bioinformatics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. White: Next generation sequencing has revolutionized genomics research and has opened the door to a new era of genomic medicine. It’s now possible to sequence a patients entire genome in about two days, but the output from the sequencer must go through multiple computationally challenging steps before it can be processed for clinically relevant information. The challenge we found is that this data analysis process was requiring days to perform, by highly qualified bioinformaticians and required enormous computational resources.
To overcome the challenges of analyzing that large amount of genomic sequence data, we developed a computational pipeline called “Churchill”, which we published in the latest issue of Genome Biology (http://genomebiology.com/2015/16/1/6/abstract). Churchill fully automates the analytical process required to take raw sequence data through a series of complex and computationally intensive processes, ultimately producing a list of genetic variants ready for clinical interpretation and tertiary analysis. The major impact of our work was the development of a novel balanced parallelization strategy that allows efficient analysis of a whole genome sequencing sample in as little as 90 minutes.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Kim F. Rhoads, MD, MS, MPH, FACS
Assistant Professor of Surgery
Director, Community Partnership Program
Stanford Cancer Institute Unit Based Medical Director, E3 Surgery and Surgical Subspecialties Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Rhoads: Colon cancer is the 3rd most common cancer in US men and women and is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death. For at least 2 decades, minorities with colon cancer have suffered a 15-20% additional risk of death when compared with non-minority patients. Our study set out to understand the influence of the location where treatment was delivered and the quality of care received, on overall survival and racial disparities.
We examined more than 30,000 patients who were diagnosed and treated for colon cancer in California from 2001 through 2006. Using cancer registry data linked to state level inpatient data and hospital information, we compared the rates of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline adherence and mortality by location of care and by race. We found that patients treated within an integrated health system (IHS) received NCCN guideline based care at higher rates than those treated outside the system—about 3% higher rates of surgery; and more than 20% higher rates of stage appropriate chemotherapy. The rates of guideline based care were nearly equal between the racial groups treated inside the IHS. Propensity score matched comparisons revealed a lower risk of death for all patients and no racial disparities associated with treatment within the Integrated system. For patients treated outside IHS, the disparity in mortality was explained by accounting for differences in receipt of evidence based care by race.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Robert S. Kirsner, MD, PhD, FAAD
Interim Chairman and Harvey Blank Professor in Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Director, University of Miami Hospital Wound Center
Chief of Dermatology, University of Miami Hospital
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Kirsner: Psoriasis is common, affecting 7.5 million Americans. The major indication of psoriasis is chronic inflammation of the skin. It is characterized by disfiguring, scaling and erythematous plaques that may be painful or pruritic and may cause significant quality of life issues. Psoriasis may also cause joint pain and more recently has been associated with metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, patients may be physically and emotionally impacted by psoriasis.
The American Academy of Dermatology (Academy) developed a Performance Improvement (PI) CME activity to enhance dermatologists’ care of psoriasis patients by allowing them to evaluate their practice using patient charts, utilize evidence-based strategies to overcome self-identified gaps, and then re-measure their performance using charts for patients seen after practice changes were implemented.
It was found that the PI CME activity significantly improved dermatologists’ overall documentation of patient history, patient counseling for lifestyle behaviors and shared decision-making ability. For example, dermatologists who participated in and completed this PI CME activity improved practice performance by either inquiring about or documenting to a greater extent comorbidities (particularly cardiovascular disease), drug costs and interactions, patient preference, other medical problems, and severity of disease, resulting in an overall improvement in documented clinical behaviors.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr Cornelia HM van Jaarsveld and Prof Martin C Gulliford
Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences
King’s College London, London, UK
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: Overweight and obesity in children have increased dramatically since the 1960s with important clinical and economic impacts, especially among those who become obese adults. Consequently, understanding trends in obesity is of increasing importance for monitoring population health and informing policy initiatives. Current trends suggest that a majority of the world’s population will be either overweight or obese by 2030. However, recent reports suggest that the increasing trend in overweight and obesity in children may have leveled off since 2000. But, in many countries data are based on a limited number of time points and relatively small surveys, limiting definitive conclusions and not allowing examining trends in subgroups by sex and age. Moreover, only a few countries have data on younger children (aged under 6 years).
Our study aimed to use primary care electronic health records to examine prevalence of overweight and obesity in 2 to 15 year old children in England and to compare trends over two decades, from 1994 to 2003 and from 2004 to 2013.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Response: We found that currently about a third of children in the UK are overweight or obese. We also found that overweight and obesity prevalence increased during decade 1 (1994-2003) but stabilized in decade 2 (2004-2013). This was observed in both sexes and the in younger age groups (2-5 year and 6-10 year). However, rates continued to increase in older children (11-15 year), albeit at a slower speed than in decade 1 (1994-2003).
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Douglas B. Jacobs B.S., MD/MPH Candidate
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?
Response: In May 2014, a formal complaint submitted to the Department of Health and Human Services contended that four Florida insurers were structuring their formularies in a way that discouraged enrollment from HIV positive beneficiaries. These insurers placed all HIV drugs, including generics, on the highest cost-sharing tiers.
This formal complaint served as the impetus for this research. We wanted to discover if this was a phenomenon that was isolated to Florida, or if it was national in scope, and what the implications would be for HIV positive beneficiaries. As such, we analyzed what we called “adverse tiering”—in which all drugs for certain conditions are placed in the highest cost sharing tiers—in 12 states in the federal marketplace. We compared cost-sharing for a commonly prescribed class of HIV medication, called Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, or NRTIs.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Amy Chan
BPharm(Hons) RegPharmNZ MPS ANZCP
Pharmacist / PhD candidate
Department of Paediatrics Auckland Hospital
Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences
University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: Asthma is one of the most common childhood conditions, affecting 1 in 4 children in New Zealand. Although there are many effective medications available for asthma, of which the most important are inhaled corticosteroids, asthma control remains suboptimal due to poor adherence. In children, adherence to regular preventive asthma therapy is about 50%, and can be as low as 30%. Our randomised controlled trial looked at use of an electronic monitoring device with an in-built audiovisual reminder to see if it improved adherence and asthma control. We recruited 220 children aged between 6-15yrs, who presented to the emergency department with asthma and randomised them to receive the device either with the audiovisual function enabled or disabled. It found that those who received the audiovisual reminder (the intervention arm) took a median of 84% of their inhaled corticosteroids compared to just 30% in those who did not receive the reminder (control arm). This equates to a 180% improvement in adherence. We found significant improvements also in asthma control (including reduced asthma symptoms and increased participation in daily activities) and a reduction in reliever use from 17.4% to 9.5% in those who received the reminder. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
James J. DiNicolantonio, PharmD
Associate Editor BMJ Open Heart
Cardiovascular Research Scientist
Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr.DiNicolantonio: We performed a comprehensive literature review comparing the isocaloric exchange of added sugars (sucrose, also known as table sugar, or high fructose corn syrup) versus other types of carbohydrates (such as lactose found in milk, glucose, starch, or dextrose). Our main findings were that "a calorie isn't a calorie," i.e., that added sugars are more harmful than other carbohydrates even when matched for calories for promoting pre-diabetes and diabetes and the related morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Amy C. Degnim MD
Professor of Surgery
Mayo Clinic, Rochester.
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Hartmann: Approximately 1 million women in the US every year have a breast biopsy that shows benign findings. We have found that the specific features of the breast tissue seen under the microscope can help to predict the risk of breast cancer in the future. We developed a mathematical formula to calculate breast cancer risk based on the features seen in the biopsy tissue (named the BBD-BC model). We found that using these microscopic features provides more accurate predictions of risk than the previous standard- the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT).
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Robin A. Cohen, Ph.DMedical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Cohen: Estimates are based on data collected from the 2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The NHIS is a survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics. NHIS collects information about health and health care of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. In 2013, questions about strategies used to reduce prescription drug cost were asked of more than 34,000 adults aged 18 and over.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Cohen: To save money, almost 8% of U.S. adults (7.8%) did not take their medication as prescribed, 15.1% asked a doctor for a lower-cost medication, 1.6% bought prescription drugs from another country, and 4.2% used alternative therapies.
Adults aged 18–64 (8.5%) were nearly twice as likely as adults aged 65 and over (4.4%) to have not taken their medication as prescribed to save money.
Among adults aged 18–64, uninsured adults (14.0%) were more likely than those with Medicaid (10.4%) or private coverage (6.1%) to have not taken their medication as prescribed to save money.
The poorest adults—those with incomes below 139% of the federal poverty level—were the most likely to not take medication as prescribed to save money.
Among adults aged 65 and over, those living with incomes in the 139-400% FPL range were more likely than adults living in lower or higher income thresholds to have asked their provider for a lower cost prescription to save money.(more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Andrew Moran, MD, MPH
Herbert Irving Assistant Professor of Medicine
Columbia University Division of General Medicine
Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY 10032
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: In 2014, a panel appointed by the Eighth Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 8) recommended new guidelines for high blood pressure (hypertension ) treatment in U.S. adults. The guidelines made sweeping changes to the prior guidelines and stirred up controversy among hypertension and public health experts. Essentially, the panel recommended more conservative treatment targets that narrowed the population eligible for treatment with blood pressure-lowering medications. Nonetheless, about 28 million U.S. adults have uncontrolled hypertension even under the new more conservative guidelines. We asked the question: are the new guidelines cost-effective? That is, does treating this common condition with the available medicines add more health and reduce medical costs? It is surprising that this question has rarely been answered before.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:Dennis Kim, MD
Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Kim: More than 1.7 million people in the U.S. alone suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year, often resulting in permanent disabilities or death. Up to half of these patients will experience progression of bleeding inside or around the brain, the occurrence of which is associated with an increased risk of death.
A common treatment to prevent progression of “traumatic intracranial hemorrhage” is the transfusion of platelets, which are irregular shaped cells that cause blood to clot, and the administration of desmopressin (DDAVP), a naturally occurring hormone used to treat bleeding and a number of other medical conditions. Researchers at LA BioMed conducted a three-year retrospective study of the records of patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center with traumatic brain injury between Jan. 1, 2010 and Dec. 31, 2012. Of the 408 patients who fit the criteria, 126 received platelet transfusions and DDAVP and 282 did not.
Overall, 37% of the patients demonstrated progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage within four hours of admission. We compared outcomes for patients who received platelet transfusions and DDAVP and patients who did not receive this therapy. Our comparison found no significant differences in mortality or hemorrhage progression between the two groups. We reported our findings in a study that was recently published online ahead of print in the Journal of Neurotrauma.(more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr. Terry Magnuson PhD
Vice Dean for ResearchDepartment of Genetics, School of Medicine
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma is a lethal form of ovarian cancer with limited therapeutic options. Recent patient-derived tumor sequencing studies support a strong genetic basis for the disease, but the roles of gene mutations in cancer causation are still unclear. We observed rapid induction of ovarian clear-cell carcinoma in mice that were genetically engineered to carry mutations in ARID1A and PIK3CA−the two most frequently mutated genes. Comparisons between human and mouse tumors uncovered a downstream role for the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine-signaling pathway in tumor progression. Thus, ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations cause ovarian clear-cell carcinoma and promote tumor cell growth by acting upon the IL-6 signaling pathway.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Alexey Terskikh, Ph.D. Associate Professor
Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
La Jolla, CA
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Terskikh: Hair loss is a wide spread human condition with an unmet need for hair replacement. In the United States alone, over 40 million men and 21 million women are affected by hair loss. I have been interested in the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into various cell including neural crest cells. In-vivo neural crest cells give rise to a multitude of cell types, including dermal papilla cells, which populate the bulb of hair follicles and regulate hair growth. We have established new method to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into dermal papilla-like (DP-like) cells, with a goal of inducing hair growth. To find out whether DP-like cells induce hair growth we transplanted these cells under the skin of mice (which have a small amounts of white hair) along with the skin cells from dark-haired mice. We observed the growth of new black hairs suggesting the induction of hair growth by transplanted human DP-like cells.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
William J. Brackenbury, Ph.D.
MRC Fellow Department of Biology
University of York, Heslington, York UK
Medical Research: What is the background for this study?Dr. Brackenbury: Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumour to secondary sites, e.g. the lungs or bones, is the main cause of deaths from cancer. However, there are no effective treatments available to slow or stop this devastating aspect of the disease. We and others have found that sodium channels, normally present in neurons and muscle cells, are up-regulated in metastatic breast cancer cells. Sodium channels appear to regulate the behaviour of these cancer cells, helping them to move and squeeze their way out of the primary tumour as they invade and metastasise on their way to distant sites. This suggests that sodium channels might be useful new therapeutic targets for drugs that could slow metastasis.
Medical Research: What are the main findings?
Dr. Brackenbury: Sodium channels are important drug targets for treating epilepsy. We have found that the antiepileptic drug phenytoin, which is a sodium channel blocker, reduces tumour growth and metastasis in a preclinical model of breast cancer. We found that phenytoin reduces proliferation of cancer cells within the primary tumour. It also reduces local invasion of cancer cells into the surrounding fat and muscle, and reduces the number of cells metastasising to distant sites in the liver, lungs and spleen. (more…)
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Jun J. Yang Ph.D.
Assistant Member Dept. of Pharm. Sci.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Memphis, TN 38105
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Yang: Mercaptopurine is highly effective in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and essential for the cure of this aggressive cancer. However, it also has a narrow therapeutic index with common toxicities. Identifying genetic risk factors for mercaptopurine toxicity will help us better understand how this drug works and also potentially enable clinicians to individualize therapy based on patients’ genetic make-up (precision medicine).
In addition to confirming the role of TPMT, we have identified another important genetic risk factor (a genetic variation in a gene called NUDT15) for mercaptopurine intolerance. Patients carrying the variant version of NUDT15 are exquisitely sensitive and required up to 90% reduction of the normal dose of this drug. TPMT variants are more common in individuals of African and European ancestry, whereas NUDT15 variants are important in East Asians and Hispanics.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Mohummad Minhaj Siddiqui, MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery - Urology
Director of Urologic Robotic Surgery
University of Maryland School of Medicine and
Peter A. Pinto, M.DHead, Prostate Cancer Section Director, Fellowship Program
Urologic Oncology Branch National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Response: For men suspected of having prostate cancer due to an elevated PSA or abnormal digital rectal exam, the next step in their diagnostic workup has traditionally been a standard 12-core biopsy to evenly sample the entire gland. Unlike most other cancers, prostate cancer is one of the few solid tumors left which is diagnosed by randomly sampling the gland with the hope of biopsying the tumor, if it is present. This paradigm has been largely due to the fact that imaging to date has been limited in its ability to identify prostate cancer. Recent advancements in multiparametric MRI of the prostate however has significantly improved clinician's ability to identify regions in the prostate suspicious for cancer. This has led to the emergence of MR/Ultrasound fusion technology which allows for targeted biopsy of the prostate into regions suspicious for cancer.
Although conceptually, it makes sense that a targeted biopsy has the potential to perform better than the standard random sampling of the prostate in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, studies were needed to understand if this is true, and if so, if the improvement was substantial enough to justify the extra expense and effort needed to obtain a MRI guided biopsy. This study performed at the National Cancer Institute's Clinical Center sought to address this clinical question of interest. From 2007-2014, a total of 1003 men suspected to have prostate cancer underwent an MRI of the prostate. If an area of suspicion was seen in the prostate, these men underwent both the targeted biopsy of the suspicious region in the prostate as well as the standard 12-core needle biopsy during the same session. The results from the targeted biopsy were compared to the results of the standard biopsy.
The key findings in this study was that targeted biopsy improved the rate at which high-risk clinically significant cancer was diagnosed by 30%. Of interest, the study also found that low-risk, clinically insignificant disease (the type of prostate cancer that is unlikely to cause any harm to the patient over the course of his natural life) was decreased in diagnosis by 17%. Decrease of diagnosis of such disease has the potential benefit that it could lead to less over-treatment of cancer that never needed to be treated. In a subset of 170 men that ultimately underwent surgery to remove the prostate to treat their cancer, we were further able to examine how well the prostate biopsy reflected the actual cancer burden in the whole gland. It is well known that standard biopsy can actually underestimate the total cancer grade in the whole prostate in upwards of 30-40% of cases. We found that the targeted biopsy was significantly better at predicting whether the patient had intermediate to high-risk cancer compared to standard biopsy. Through further analysis using a statistical method called decision curve analysis, we further found that for men who wish to undergo surgery for intermediate to high-risk cancer, but wish to go on active surveillance for low-risk cancer, targeted biopsy led to better decision making compared to standard biopsy, or even the two techniques combined.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dr Maddy Greville-Harris
Research Fellow
University of Southampton
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Greville-Harris: Our research looks at the effects of non-understanding feedback ('invalidation') and discusses its implications in the medical consultation in eliciting the nocebo response. We carried out interviews with five patients and four healthcare providers to explore their experiences of receiving non-understanding feedback during their chronic pain consultations. Patients reported feeling dismissed and disbelieved by healthcare providers. As a result of these encounters, patients reported feeling angry or hopeless after invalidating consultations, describing an increased need to justify their condition or to avoid treatment altogether.
Our earlier work too, suggests that receiving non-understanding feedback can have very powerful effects. Participants who received such feedback were more physiologically aroused, reported more negative mood and were less willing to participate in the research again. These effects were much more powerful than the positive effects of receiving understanding feedback. Our research suggests that the power of negative communication is stronger than that of positive communication, and that invalidating feedback may be a nocebo effect that has largely been overlooked.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Richard C. Dart, M.D., Ph.D
Denver Health & Hospital Authority
Professor, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Dart: For the past two decades, prescription opioid medication abuse has increased significantly in the US. An estimated 25 million people initiated nonmedical use of pain relievers between 2002 and 2011. In 2010 the number of death attributed to prescription opioid medications reached 16,651. The RADARS® System (Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction Related Surveillance) has been monitoring prescription drug abuse and diversion for over 13 years. We use a “mosaic” approach, measuring abuse and diversion from multiple perspectives, to describe this hidden phenomenon as comprehensively as possible.
For the current publication we used 5 separate RADARS® System programs to collect data and the study period was from January 2002 through December 2013. We noticed a substantial increase of prescription drug abuse from 2002 through 2010, followed by a flattening or decrease in 2010 and, lastly, a decline in 2011 through 2013. We also noticed a similar pattern in opioid-related deaths. Nonmedical use did not change significantly among college students.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Margaret T. Dillon, AuD
University of North Carolina School of MedicineMedical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Dillon: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether age at revision cochlear implantation influences post-revision speech perception performance. A cochlear implant is an implantable auditory prosthesis that aims to provide sound to patients with certain degrees of hearing loss, by converting and transmitting the acoustic sound into electric stimulation. Research has shown cochlear implant recipients experience improved speech perception in quiet and noise as compared to preoperative performance with conventional amplification (ie, hearing aids). There is variability in postoperative performance. Understanding the cause or causes of this variability is the primary goal of a number of research studies. One suspected indicator for this variability is advanced age at the time of surgery.
Though the incidence of revision cochlear implantation is low, it may be warranted when the internal device is no longer functional or not functioning optimally. We reviewed the pre-revision and post-revision speech perception performance of younger (< 65 years of age) and older (> 65 years of age) adult cochlear implant recipients. There was no difference between the post-revision speech perception performance between the two groups.
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Karin B. Michels, MPH, PhD, ScD
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department...
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Rachel A. Freedman MD, MPH
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolDepartment of Medical Oncology
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsMedical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?Dr. Freedman: Studies have previously looked at how general cancer knowledge may impact health conditions and rates of screening but none (to my knowledge) have focused on one’s knowledge about his/her own breast cancer. We surveyed 500 women who were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer within the Northern California Cancer Registry and asked questions about their breast cancer subtype (I.e. Hormone receptor status and HER2 status), tumor grade, and stage. We then matched women’s answers to those collected by the registry to examine the correctness of the answers given. We found low overall rates of having knowledge about one’s disease and this was even more apparent for black and Hispanic patients. When education and health literacy were accounted for, disparities in knowledge remains for black women but were narrowed for Hispanic women in some cases. (more…)
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MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Dmitry Yaranov, MD
Danbury Hospital
Western Connecticut Health Network
Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?
Dr. Yaranov: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke (CVA) that is not included in the usual cardioembolic risk assessments for patients with atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of OSA on CVA rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. We found that Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with atrial fibrillation is an independent predictor of CVA and this association may have important clinical implications in CVA risk stratification. (more…)
